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Layer of Protection Analysis: Simplified Process Risk Assessment; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Acronyms and Abbreviations; 1 Introduction; 2 Overview of LOPA; 3 Estimating Consequences and Severity; 4 Developing Scenarios; 5 Identifying Initiating Event Frequency; 6 Identifying Independent Protection Layers; 7 Determining the Frequency of Scenarios; 8 Using LOPA to Make Risk Decisions; 9 Implementing LOPA; 10 Using LOPA for Other Applications; 11 Advanced LOPA Topics; APPENDIX A: LOPA Summary Sheets for the Continuing Examples
APPENDIX B: Worked Examples from CCPS's Safe Automation BookAPPENDIX C: Documentation for a LOPA Study; APPENDIX D: Linkage with Other Publications; APPENDIX E: Industry Risk Tolerance Criteria Data; APPENDIX F: High Initiating Event Frequency Scenarios; APPENDIX G: Additional Reading; References; Glossary of Terms; Index
Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is a recently developed, simplified method of risk assessment that provides the much-needed middle ground between a qualitative process hazard analysis and a traditional, expensive quantitative risk analysis. Beginning with an identified accident scenario, LOPA uses simplifying rules to evaluate initiating event frequency, independent layers of protection, and consequences to provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of risk. LOPA has also proven an excellent approach for determining the safety integrity level necessary for an instrumented safety system, an app