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Influence of land use type and urbanization level on the distribution of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and risk assessment in Beiyun River, China
Influence of land use type and urbanization level on the distribution of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from the developed regions of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in the northern China was evaluated. The seasonal and spatial variations of the 22 target PPCPs were analyzed in the 63 sampling sites along the whole Beiyun River Basin. Results showed that the total PPCPs concentration had a wide variation range, from 132 ng L−1 to 25474 ng L−1. Spatial interpolation analysis showed that agricultural land presented higher PPCPs contamination level than build-up land (p < 0.05) and the concentration was negatively correlated with urbanization level. Source apportionment showed the untreated sewage source contributed to 34%–53% of the PPCPs burden in the Beiyun River. Risk assessment indicated that diethyltoluamide, carbamazepine, octocrylene, gemfibrozil and triclocarban had high risks (RQ > 1), and small tributaries had the highest mixed risk (MRQ = 34). Species sensitivity distribution combined with the safety threshold method showed that PPCPs would have potential risk on aquatic organisms even at very low concentrations and triclocarban posed the highest risk in the Beiyun River.
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•PPCPs concentration was negatively correlated with the level of urbanization.•Antibiotic pollution was more closely related to the agricultural land use.•CAF and DEET accounted for 68% of the total PPCPs concentration in Beiyun River.•Triclocarban posed the highest risk to aquatic organisms in Beiyun River.