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BibTeX
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)
The Journal of pathology, 2020-07, Vol.251 (3), p.228-248
Bourgonje, Arno R
Abdulle, Amaal E
Timens, Wim
Hillebrands, Jan‐Luuk
Navis, Gerjan J
Gordijn, Sanne J
Bolling, Marieke C
Dijkstra, Gerard
Voors, Adriaan A
Osterhaus, Albert DME
Voort, Peter HJ
Mulder, Douwe J
Goor, Harry
2020
Details
Autor(en) / Beteiligte
Bourgonje, Arno R
Abdulle, Amaal E
Timens, Wim
Hillebrands, Jan‐Luuk
Navis, Gerjan J
Gordijn, Sanne J
Bolling, Marieke C
Dijkstra, Gerard
Voors, Adriaan A
Osterhaus, Albert DME
Voort, Peter HJ
Mulder, Douwe J
Goor, Harry
Titel
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)
Ist Teil von
The Journal of pathology, 2020-07, Vol.251 (3), p.228-248
Ort / Verlag
Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Erscheinungsjahr
2020
Link zum Volltext
Quelle
Wiley Online Library (Online service)
Beschreibungen/Notizen
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been established as the functional host receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the virus responsible for the current devastating worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). ACE2 is abundantly expressed in a variety of cells residing in many different human organs. In human physiology, ACE2 is a pivotal counter‐regulatory enzyme to ACE by the breakdown of angiotensin II, the central player in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and the main substrate of ACE2. Many factors have been associated with both altered ACE2 expression and COVID‐19 severity and progression, including age, sex, ethnicity, medication, and several co‐morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Although ACE2 is widely distributed in various human tissues and many of its determinants have been well recognised, ACE2‐expressing organs do not equally participate in COVID‐19 pathophysiology, implying that other mechanisms are involved in orchestrating cellular infection resulting in tissue damage. Reports of pathologic findings in tissue specimens of COVID‐19 patients are rapidly emerging and confirm the established role of ACE2 expression and activity in disease pathogenesis. Identifying pathologic changes caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is crucially important as it has major implications for understanding COVID‐19 pathophysiology and the development of evidence‐based treatment strategies. Currently, many interventional strategies are being explored in ongoing clinical trials, encompassing many drug classes and strategies, including antiviral drugs, biological response modifiers, and RAAS inhibitors. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID‐19 and appropriate measures are being taken accordingly, including development of effective vaccines. In this review, we describe the role of ACE2 in COVID‐19 pathophysiology, including factors influencing ACE2 expression and activity in relation to COVID‐19 severity. In addition, we discuss the relevant pathological changes resulting from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Finally, we highlight a selection of potential treatment modalities for COVID‐19. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Sprache
Englisch
Identifikatoren
ISSN: 0022-3417
eISSN: 1096-9896
DOI: 10.1002/path.5471
Titel-ID: cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7276767
Format
–
Schlagworte
ACE2
,
Age Factors
,
Aldosterone
,
Angiotensin
,
Angiotensin II
,
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
,
angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
,
Antiviral agents
,
Antiviral Agents - pharmacology
,
Betacoronavirus - physiology
,
Cardiovascular diseases
,
Cardiovascular Diseases - complications
,
Clinical trials
,
Coronaviridae
,
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)
,
Coronavirus Infections - pathology
,
Coronavirus Infections - physiopathology
,
Coronavirus Infections - therapy
,
Coronavirus Infections - virology
,
Coronaviruses
,
COVID-19
,
Disease Progression
,
Enzymes
,
Humans
,
Infections
,
Invited Review
,
Invited Reviews
,
Metabolic disorders
,
Metabolic Syndrome - complications
,
Morbidity
,
organ involvement
,
Pandemics
,
Pathogenesis
,
pathology
,
Pathophysiology
,
Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A - metabolism
,
Pneumonia, Viral - pathology
,
Pneumonia, Viral - physiopathology
,
Pneumonia, Viral - therapy
,
Pneumonia, Viral - virology
,
Renin
,
Renin-Angiotensin System - genetics
,
renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
,
Risk Factors
,
SARS-CoV-2
,
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
,
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)
,
Sex Factors
,
Therapeutic applications
,
treatment
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