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Mechanisms of constitutive NF-κB signaling in multiple myeloma are unknown. An inhibitor of IκB kinase β (IKKβ) targeting the classical NF-κB pathway was lethal to many myeloma cell lines. Several cell lines had elevated expression of NIK due to genomic alterations or protein stabilization, while others had inactivating mutations of
TRAF3; both kinds of abnormality triggered the classical and alternative NF-κB pathways. A majority of primary myeloma patient samples and cell lines had elevated NF-κB target gene expression, often associated with genetic or epigenetic alteration of
NIK,
TRAF3,
CYLD,
BIRC2/
BIRC3,
CD40,
NFKB1, or
NFKB2. These data demonstrate that addiction to the NF-κB pathway is frequent in myeloma and suggest that IKKβ inhibitors hold promise for the treatment of this disease.