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Typhoid fever is caused by fecal–oral transmission of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi (
S.
Typhi). It has been a deadly companion to mankind for centuries, affecting 10.9 million persons and resulting in an estimated 116,800 deaths per year.
1
Although vaccines against typhoid have been available for more than a century and have been shown to be protective,
2,3
the approved vaccines (injectable Vi polysaccharide and oral, live-attenuated Ty21a typhoid vaccines) have not been useful in populations with a high typhoid burden, particularly in young children.
4
To address this shortfall, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as other donors, has supported . . .