Details
- Autor(en) / Beteiligte
- Titel
- Cleaning Pakistan's air: policy options to address the cost of outdoor air pollution
- Ort / Verlag
- THE WORLD BANK
- Erscheinungsjahr
- 2014
- Link zum Volltext
- Quelle
- PAIS Index
- Beschreibungen/Notizen
- Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the most severe in the world and it engenders significant damages to human health and the economy. Air pollution, inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are the top environmental priority problems in Pakistan. Industrialization and urbanization, in conjunction with motorization, can result in further deterioration of urban air quality. This book examines policy options to strengthen the Pakistan clean air program (PCAP) to better address the cost imposed by outdoor air pollution upon Pakistan's economy and populace. The approach provided in this book recommends that the federal and provincial environmental protection agencies (EPAs) take on a limited number of high return, essential, and feasible interventions drawn largely from the PCAP. The objective of this book is to examine policy options to control outdoor air pollution in Pakistan. The findings of the analysis aim at assisting the Government of Pakistan (GoP) in the design and implementation of reforms to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of Pakistan's ambient air quality institutions. The overarching theme of this book is that prioritizing interventions is essential to address the cost of outdoor air pollution, given current resource limitations. The book also includes a review of secondary sources, focusing on recent analysis of the effects of different air pollutants on human health, as well as lessons learned from ongoing regional and international efforts to improve ambient air quality. This book has seven chapters. Chapter one gives overview. Chapter two identifies major trends in ambient air pollution, including concentration levels of main pollutants and the identification of principal sources. Chapter three examines the evolution of Pakistan's air quality management (AQM) framework over the period 1993 to 2013. Chapter four examines options to control air pollution from mobile sources, the main contributors of several air pollutants, including noxious fine particulate matter (PM) and its precursors. Chapter five addresses measures to tackle pollution from industrial sources. Chapter six identifies synergies of interventions for air pollution control and climate change mitigation. Chapter seven summarizes the main conclusions of the book.
- Sprache
- Englisch
- Identifikatoren
- ISBN: 1464802351, 9781464802355DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0235-5Titel-ID: cdi_igpublishing_primary_WBB0000261
- Format
- –
- Schlagworte
- AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH, AEROSOLS, AFFORESTATION, AIR, AIR EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTANT, AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS, AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT, AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS, ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS, ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS, ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS, AUTOMOBILE, AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS, AUTOMOBILES, BICYCLES, BIKE PATHS, BIOMASS, BIOMASS BURNING, BOILERS, BUS, BUSES, CADMIUM, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON INTENSITY, CARBON MARKETS, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON SINKS, CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS, CARS, CATALYSTS, CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, CHEMICALS, CLEAN AIR, CLEANER FUELS, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLOUDS, CO2, COAL, COLORS, COMBUSTION, CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS, CONGESTION ON ROADS, Cost, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CRUDE OIL, DESERTS, DIESEL, DIESEL BUSES, DIESEL CARS, DIESEL EMISSIONS, DIESEL ENGINES, DIESEL FUEL, DIESEL VEHICLES, DRINKING WATER, DROUGHT, DUST, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, EMISSION CONTROL, EMISSION RATES, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION STANDARDS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRY, EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE, EMISSIONS FROM ROAD, EMISSIONS FROM ROAD VEHICLES, EMISSIONS INTENSITY, EMISSIONS STANDARDS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, Environmental health, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, FATAL INJURIES, FATALITIES, FLOODS, FOG, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUELS, FUEL, FUEL OIL, FUEL PRICES, FUEL SAVINGS, FUEL SUBSIDIES, FUEL SUPPLY, FUEL SWITCHING, FUEL TAXES, FUEL TYPE, FUELS, FUGITIVE EMISSIONS, GAS CONSUMPTION, GAS PRICES, GASEOUS POLLUTANTS, GASOLINE, GASOLINE CONSUMPTION, GASOLINE VEHICLES, GHG, Global warming, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GASES, HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE, HIGH SPEEDS, HIGHWAYS, HYDROCARBONS, INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS, INJURY, INSPECTION, IRON, LAND USE, LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS, LOCAL AIR POLLUTANTS, LOCAL AIR POLLUTION, LOCAL AIR QUALITY, MANGANESE, MASS TRANSIT, MASS TRANSPORTATION, METHANE, MIXING HEIGHT, MOTOR VEHICLE, MOTOR VEHICLES, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NITRATES, NITRIC OXIDE, NITROGEN, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, NITROUS OXIDE, NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS, NO2, NOISE, NOX, ORGANIC MATTER, OZONE, Pakistan, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PARTICULATES, PASSENGER VEHICLES, PEDESTRIAN, PEDESTRIAN ZONES, PETROLEUM GAS, PM10, POLICY MAKERS, POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS, Pollution, POLLUTION CHARGE, POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, POLLUTION EXPOSURE, POLLUTION LEVELS, POLLUTION PROBLEMS, POLLUTION REDUCTION, POPULATION DENSITY, POTASSIUM, POWER PLANTS, POWER SUPPLY, PRICE DISTORTIONS, PROPANE, PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, RAILWAYS, RAINFALL, RAPID TRANSIT, REDUCTIONS IN CONGESTION, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RETROFITTING, RISK MANAGEMENT, ROAD, ROAD ACCIDENTS, ROAD SECTOR, ROAD TRAFFIC, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROAD VEHICLES, SAFETY, Sanitation, SO2, SOIL CARBON, SOX, STATIONARY SOURCES, STORMS, STREET CLEANING, SULFATE, SULFATE PARTICLES, SULFATES, SULFUR, SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, SULFUR OXIDES, SUSPENDED PARTICLES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TAX, TIRES, TOXIC METALS, TRACE ELEMENTS, TRADABLE PERMITS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CONTROL, TRAFFIC FLOW, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT, TRAFFIC POLLUTION, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT POLICIES, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRUCKS, UNDERGROUND, UNEP, UPPER ATMOSPHERE, URBAN AIR POLLUTION, Urbanization, VEHICLE, VEHICLE EMISSION, VEHICLE EMISSIONS, VEHICLE LANES, VEHICLE USAGE, VEHICLE USE, VOC, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Water supply, WEATHER CONDITIONS, WIND, WIND SPEED, ZINC