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Tropospheric ozone (O.sub.3) and nitrogen deposition affect vegetation growth and, thereby, the ability of the land biosphere to take up and store carbon. However, the magnitude of these effects on the contemporary and future terrestrial carbon balance is insufficiently understood. Here, we apply an extended version of the O-CN terrestrial biosphere model that simulates the atmosphere to canopy transport of O.sub.3, its surface and stomatal uptake, the O.sub.3 -induced leaf injury, and the coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycles. We use this model to simulate past and future impacts of air pollution against a background of concurrent changes in climate and carbon dioxide concentrations (CO.sub.2) for two contrasting representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5).