Toxins, 2021-08, Vol.13 (8), p.573
2021
Details
- Autor(en) / Beteiligte
- Titel
- The Therapeutic Strategies for Uremic Toxins Control in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Ist Teil von
- Toxins, 2021-08, Vol.13 (8), p.573
- Ort / Verlag
- Switzerland: MDPI AG
- Erscheinungsjahr
- 2021
- Link zum Volltext
- Quelle
- MEDLINE
- Beschreibungen/Notizen
- Uremic toxins (UTs) are mainly produced by protein metabolized by the intestinal microbiota and converted in the liver or by mitochondria or other enzymes. The accumulation of UTs can damage the intestinal barrier integrity and cause vascular damage and progressive kidney damage. Together, these factors lead to metabolic imbalances, which in turn increase oxidative stress and inflammation and then produce uremia that affects many organs and causes diseases including renal fibrosis, vascular disease, and renal osteodystrophy. This article is based on the theory of the intestinal-renal axis, from bench to bedside, and it discusses nonextracorporeal therapies for UTs, which are classified into three categories: medication, diet and supplement therapy, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and other therapies. The effects of medications such as AST-120 and meclofenamate are described. Diet and supplement therapies include plant-based diet, very low-protein diet, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and nutraceuticals. The research status of Chinese herbal medicine is discussed for CAM and other therapies. This review can provide some treatment recommendations for the reduction of UTs in patients with chronic kidney disease.
- Sprache
- Englisch
- Identifikatoren
- ISSN: 2072-6651eISSN: 2072-6651DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080573Titel-ID: cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_6c06d4201d30439a91358fad1a6f028c
- Format
- –
- Schlagworte
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alternative medicine, Amino acids, Anemia, Biomedical materials, chronic kidney disease, complementary and alternative medicine, Complementary Therapies - methods, Constipation, conventional medical therapy, Creatinine, Damage accumulation, Diet, diet control, Diet Therapy - methods, dietary supplement, Dietary Supplements, Disease control, Female, Fibrosis, Functional foods & nutraceuticals, Herbal medicine, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestinal microflora, Intestine, Kidney diseases, Kidney Diseases - drug therapy, Kidney Diseases - physiopathology, Kidney Diseases - therapy, Kidneys, Liver, Low protein diet, Male, Metabolism, Metabolites, Microbiota, Middle Aged, Mitochondria, Nutrient deficiency, Organs, Osteodystrophy, Oxidative stress, Peritoneal dialysis, Probiotics, Probiotics - therapeutic use, Proteins, Renal osteodystrophy, Renal Replacement Therapy - methods, Review, Toxins, Tumor necrosis factor-TNF, Uremia, Uremia - chemically induced, Uremia - therapy, uremic toxin, Uremic Toxins - toxicity, Vascular diseases