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The release of first reports of the TIMSS studies has again caused discussions in the U.S. and interpretations of these data sets "in an attempt to understand why the U.S. is doing so poorly (or so well) in comparison with other nations." Especially, comparisons to Japan are playing a key role in these debates. However, studies of Japanese education are rarely cited and if so, the papers do not "make more than a cursory reference to this significant body of work." The author gives a review of this literature published in English and "readily available to anyone with access to a research library." He writes: "In this article, I will review qualitative (historical and ethnographic) studies of Japanese education that advance a general understanding of educational theory and practice. I have organized the review around three key concepts: creative problem-solving, student motivation, and the role of teachers in education reform." (DIPF/Bi.)