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Animal Birth Control (ABC) is a program by which stray dogs are sterilized and vaccinated against rabies with the aim of controlling both dog population size and rabies. Population size and demographics of stray dogs were measured before and after implementation of an ABC program in Jodhpur, India. Dog population size declined (
p
<
0.05) in three of five areas surveyed, showed a decreasing trend (
p
>
0.05) in 1 area, and remained stable in 1 area between 2005 and 2007. By 2007, 61.8–86.5% of the free-roaming dog population was surgically sterilized and vaccinated for rabies in the areas surveyed.
In March–May, 2007, adults comprised 80–96% of the free-roaming dog population, while subadults and puppies comprised 0–18 and 0–4%, respectively. The male:female ratio among dogs
>
3 months old was 1.4:1. A population demographic model predicted that at the current level of sterilization/rabies vaccination, vaccination coverage would remain above 70%, and the dog population would decrease by 69% reaching stability after 13–18 years. A surgical sterilization coverage under 40% would maintain the dog population at current levels.