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Ultraviolet A (UVA: 320–400 nm) radiation activates c-Jun–N-terminal kinase (JNK 2) in human skin fibroblasts. Exposure of cells to UVA (300 kJ/m
2) led to a 5-fold induction of JNK-activity which was significantly increased in the presence of D
2O, an enhancer of the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Sodium azide, a quencher of singlet oxygen, abolished the activation of JNK. A hydroxyl radical scavenger, mannitol, had no effect. Furthermore, photochemically produced singlet oxygen (Rose Bengal plus white light) was found to induce JNK activity. This was enhanced by D
2O and inhibited by azide. Thus, singlet oxygen activates and mediates the UVA-induced activation of JNK.