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Snail habitat selection was strongly influenced in this research by measured copper (Cu) contribution from a power plant discharge. Laboratory feeding studies showed that the snail Leptoxis praerosa significantly bioconcentrated Cu when fed aufwuchs containing 564 ( plus or minus 269) mu g Cu g super(-1) but did not have significant cellulolytic enzyme activity impairment. No foodborne zinc (Zn) bioconcentration was found from aufwuchs containing up to 20 000 ( plus or minus 18 400) mu g Zn g super(-1). These results suggest that water column Cu concentrations leading to impairment via feeding mechanisms can be an order of magnitude higher than concentrations causing impairments via waterborne exposures. Therefore, foodborne uptake might be expected to contribute to toxicity rather than dominate toxicity in most conditions where waterborne concentrations of metals occur. Changes in food quality appeared to have a greater overall effect on snail populations than foodborne uptake of metals alone. Snail populations took 2 years to recover following intensive metal treatment on the plant discharge and subsequent reduction of measured metal concentrations in both water and aufwuchs.