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Although Shimoda Utako (1854-1936, born Hirao Seki) and Tsuda Umeko (1865-1929, born Tsuda Ume) are known primarily as women's educators, they contributed more broadly to Meiji-era discourse as public intellectuals who led organizations and published widely on issues of social and political reform. Like the predominantly male members of the new middle class whom David Ambaras has described as having 'established themselves as authorities on issues of relevance to the nation state and the daily lives of its people,'1 Shimoda and Tsuda engaged in the public discourse on modernity and the nation by articulating the importance of women's education in broad terms and advocating expanded opportunities for women to achieve economic self-sufficiency. In this study of Shimoda and Tsuda's role as public intellectuals, I examine the factors that contributed to their successful professional careers as women's educators, analyze their educational philosophies and the institutions they established to implement them, discuss their leadership of women's organizations, and evaluate their contributions to a gendered conception of the new middle class.