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Rice Husk: Raw Material in the Catalyst Preparation for Advanced Oxidative Processes Applied in the Industrial Effluent Treatment and from Acid Drainage of a Mine
Application of an agricultural residue (rice husk, RH) as a raw material for catalyst support for advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) was evaluated. The supported catalyst was produced by the calcination of TiCl
4
impregnated in RH, thereby providing a composite TiO
2
/Si-C, which was characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopic (DRS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), SEM, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms (BET and BJH). Catalytic photodecomposition of methylene blue (MB), naphthalene, phenol, and abamectin and acid drainage of a mine by a titania-based catalyst composite were investigated. For comparative purposes, a commercial photocatalyst (TiO
2
) was also employed. Photocatalytic degradation of MB, phenol, naphthalene, abamectin, and from coal mining effluent ranged from 8 to 93 % of the initial concentration. Performances of both catalysts were comparable. Additionally, in these evaluated systems, the toxicity of the effluent decreased after photocatalysis, either for
Daphnia magna
or for
Scenedesmus subspicatus
(employed as bioindicators).