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Climatic factors are generally regarded as the main driving force to dominate spatial distribution and process of species. Because Köppen boundaries of the climate types are designed to strongly overlap to the boundaries of the biomes, which the loss of climatic heterogeneity could be a new effective indicator to explain global biodiversity loss under different emissions pathways.
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•SHDI/SIDI are used to characterise the variations of global climate heterogeneity.•As radiative forcing intensified, loss of climate heterogeneity tends to strengthen.•The spatial patterns of SHDI/SIDI are decreased with clear latitudinal trends.•Temperature is the main driving force on the loss of global climate heterogeneity.
Variations in climate types are commonly used to describe changes in natural vegetation cover in response to global climate change. However, few attempts have been made to quantify the heterogeneous dynamics of climate types. In this study, based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) historical and representative concentration pathway (RCP) runs from 18 global climate models, we used Shannon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) and Simpson’s Diversity Index (SIDI) to characterise of global climate heterogeneity from a morphological perspective. Our results show that global climate heterogeneity calculated by the SHDI/SIDI indices decreased from 1901 to 2095 at a significance level of 0.01. As radiative forcing intensified from RCP 2.6 to 8.5, the SHDI/SIDI decreased significantly. Furthermore, we observed that the spatial distribution of global climate heterogeneity was significantly reduced, with a pronounced latitudinal trend. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the temperature increase played a more significant role in reducing global climate heterogeneity than precipitation under the three warming scenarios, which is possibly attributed to anthropogenic forcing. Our findings suggest that the dynamics of global climate heterogeneity can be an effective means of quantifying global biodiversity loss.