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Quasi-one-dimensional TiO
2
-based nanostructures have been produced through hydrothermal treatment-without additives and in the presence of chitosan—of anatase nanopowder synthesized by an electrochemical sol-gel process. The morphology, phase composition, and structure of the hydrothermal synthesis products were studied by various physicochemical characterization techniques, including high-resolution electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the forming one-dimensional structures are isostructural with β-titanic acid, H
2
Ti
3
O
7
. Heat treatment at
t
≥ 500°C yields a mixture of sodium polytitanates, Na
y
Ti
x
O
2
x
+ 1
, with
y
= 0.5–2 and
x
= 2–5. The surface morphology and shape of the nanostructures persist up to 700°C. The key features of the formation of quasi-one-dimensional TiO
2
-based structures in the presence of chitosan have been identified.