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Mdr 2 knockout mice link biliary phospholipid deficiency with small bile duct destruction: Smit JJM, Schinkel AH, Oude Elferink RPJ, Groen AK, Wagenaar B., von Deemter L, Mol CAAM, et al. Homozygous disruption of the murine mdr2 p-glycoprotein gene leads to a complete absence of phospholipid from bile and to liver disease. Cell 1993; 75: 451–462
Two types of P-glycoprotein have been found in mammals: the drug-transporting P-glycoproteins and a second type, unable to transport hydrophobic anticancer drugs. The latter is encoded by the human
MDR3 (also called
MDR2) and the mouse
mdr2 genes, and its tissue distribution (bile canalicular membrane of hepatocytes, B cells, heart, and muscle) suggests a specialized metabolic function. We have generated mice homozygous for a disruption of the
mdr2 gene. These mice develop a liver disease that appears to be caused by the complete inability of the liver to secrete phospholipid into the bile. Mice heterozygous for the disrupted allele had no detectable liver pathology, but half the level of phospholipid in bile. We conclude that the mdr2 P-glycoprotein has an essential role in the secretion of phosphatidylcholine into bile and hypothesize that it may be a phospholipid transport protein or phospholipid flippase.