Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Narayan, Roger,

Titel

Medical biosensors for point of care (POC) applications

Ist Teil von

• Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Front Cover -- Medical Biosensors for Point of Care (POC) Applications -- Related titles -- Medical Biosensors for Point of Care (POC) Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials -- One - Fundamentals of medical biosensors for POC applications -- 1 - Introduction to medical biosensors for point of care applications -- 1.1 Biosensors and medical biosensors -- 1.2 Biosensors for point of care testing -- 1.3 Biorecognition elements of medical biosensors -- 1.3.1 Antibodies -- 1.3.2 Nucleic acid probes -- 1.3.2.1 Single-strand DNA -- 1.3.2.2 Hairpin DNA -- 1.3.2.3 Peptide nucleic acids -- 1.3.2.4 Locked nucleic acids -- 1.3.2.5 G-quadraplexes -- 1.3.2.6 DNAzymes -- 1.3.2.7 Aptamers -- 1.3.2.8 Other biorecognition elements -- 1.4 Medical biosensors for point of care applications -- 1.5 Overview of types of point of care techniques -- 1.5.1 Lab on chip -- 1.5.2 Labeled -- 1.5.3 Label-free -- 1.5.4 Nanomaterial based -- 1.5.5 Wearable -- 1.5.6 Wireless -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Validation and regulation of point of care devices for medical applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Analytical method validation -- 2.2.1 Why is validation required? -- 2.2.2 The extent and scope of method validation -- 2.2.3 Before starting method validation experiments -- 2.2.3.1 Establishing a clinical need -- 2.2.3.2 Choosing the correct device for the clinical application -- 2.2.3.3 Decide which samples to test -- 2.2.3.4 Consider who should undertake the validation and where -- 2.2.4 Parameters of method validation -- 2.2.4.1 Imprecision [18-20] -- 2.2.4.2 Linearity -- 2.2.4.3 Accuracy and bias -- 2.2.4.4 Interference studies -- 2.2.4.5 Establishing a limit of detection -- 2.2.4.6 Verification of the reference ranges and cut-offs -- 2.2.5 Validation of qualitative test.
• 2.3 Clinical validation methodology -- 2.3.1 Clinical pathway mapping -- 2.3.2 Diagnostic accuracy studies -- 2.3.2.1 Randomised controlled trials -- 2.3.3 Barriers to adoption -- 2.3.4 Implementation -- 2.4 Regulation of POCT devices -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 3 - Materials for improved point of care biosensor-tissue interfaces -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials for in vitro sensors -- 3.2.1 Ion selective electrodes -- 3.2.2 Amperometric sensors -- 3.2.3 Commercial systems -- 3.3 Biocompatibility -- 3.3.1 The tissue matrix -- 3.3.2 Tissue effects on biosensors -- 3.4 Materials for in vivo sensors -- 3.4.1 Ion selective electrodes -- 3.4.2 Glucose sensors -- 3.4.2.1 Rationale for monitoring -- 3.4.2.2 Enzyme-based systems -- 3.4.2.3 Affinity sensors -- 3.5 Materials for ex vivo sensors -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Two - Materials, fabrication and types of biosensors for POC applications -- 4 - Screen printing and other scalable point of care (POC) biosensor processing technologies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Printing techniques -- 4.2.1 Contact methods -- 4.2.1.1 Screen printing -- 4.2.1.2 Gravure printing -- 4.2.1.3 Flexographic printing -- 4.2.1.4 Microcontact printing -- 4.2.2 Noncontact methods -- 4.2.2.1 Inkjet printing -- 4.2.2.2 Wax-ink printing -- 4.2.2.3 Three-dimensional printing -- 4.3 Thin-film deposition -- 4.4 Other POC prototyping techniques -- 4.4.1 Injection moulding -- 4.4.2 Hot embossing -- 4.4.3 Polymer laminate technology/lamination -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 - Lab-on-chip (LOC) devices for point of care (POC) applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Optical detection -- 5.2.1 Fluorescence -- 5.2.2 Absorbance -- 5.2.3 Chemiluminescence -- 5.2.4 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) -- 5.2.5 Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) -- 5.2.6 Interferometry -- 5.3 Electrochemical method.
• 5.3.1 Amperometric -- 5.3.2 Voltammetric detection -- 5.3.3 Impedance-based detection -- 5.3.4 Conductometric detection -- 5.4 Other detection techniques -- 5.4.1 Thermal detection -- 5.4.2 Acoustic wave-based detection -- 5.5 Miscellaneous -- 5.5.1 Paper microfluidic devices -- 5.5.1.1 Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 - Intelligent tattoos, patches, and other wearable biosensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Wearable biosensors -- 6.1.2 Intelligent tattoos and patches -- 6.2 Detection mechanism -- 6.2.1 Electrochemical -- 6.2.2 Colorimetric -- 6.2.3 Optical -- 6.3 Fabrications -- 6.3.1 Overview -- 6.3.2 Screen-printed electrodes -- 6.3.3 Microfluidics -- 6.3.4 Fabrication of conductive textile -- 6.3.5 Stamp transfer electrodes for nonplanar and oversized surfaces -- 6.3.6 Epidermal tattoo/patches as wearable biosensors -- 6.3.6.1 Printable temporary transfer tattoos -- 6.3.6.2 Toward stretch resistant, skin friendly, and multiple functional intelligent tattoos/patches -- 6.4 Application -- 6.4.1 General medicine -- 6.4.2 Sports medicine -- 6.4.3 Diseases -- 6.4.3.1 Cystic fibrosis -- 6.4.3.2 Diabetes -- 6.4.3.3 Cardiovascular diseases -- 6.4.3.4 Cancer -- 6.4.3.5 Parkinson's disease -- 6.5 Conclusions and perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 - Wireless biosensors for POC medical applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Electrical measurements using biosensors -- 7.2.1 Biosensing techniques -- 7.2.2 Readout circuits -- 7.2.3 Design example of pH sensor and readout circuit -- 7.3 Wireless telemetry systems -- 7.4 Applications -- 7.4.1 Wireless implantable glucose biosensors -- 7.4.2 Wireless capsules -- 7.4.3 Wireless wearable devices -- 7.5 Conclusion and future trends -- References -- Three - POC biosensors for particular clinical applications.
• 8 - Point of care (POC) medical biosensors for cancer detection -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Definition of cancer -- 8.3 Cancer biomarkers -- 8.4 Types of cancer -- 8.4.1 Breast cancer and point of care devices -- 8.4.2 Colon and rectal cancer and point of care devices -- 8.4.3 Bladder cancer and point of care devices -- 8.4.4 Kidney cancer and point of care devices -- 8.4.5 Leukaemia and point of care devices -- 8.4.6 Melanoma and point of care devices -- 8.4.7 Lymphoma and point of care devices -- 8.4.8 Lung cancer and point of care devices -- 8.4.9 Pancreatic cancer and point of care devices -- 8.4.10 Prostate cancer and point of care devices -- 8.4.11 Thyroid cancer and point of care devices -- References -- 9 - Point of care (POC) blood coagulation monitoring technologies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Brief historical perspective -- 9.1.2 Traditional laboratory-based testing -- 9.1.3 Introduction to point of care coagulation testing -- 9.2 Development of point of care coagulation monitoring devices -- 9.2.1 Clot-based point of care assays -- 9.2.2 Fibrinolysis -- 9.2.3 Thrombin -- 9.2.4 Fibrinogen -- 9.2.5 Antifactor Xa assays -- 9.2.6 Techniques to measure blood viscoelasticity -- 9.2.6.1 Cardiac surgery -- 9.2.6.2 Trauma -- 9.2.6.3 Thrombophilia and haemophilia screening -- 9.3 Novel point of care coagulation tests and recent innovations -- 9.3.1 Ultrasound elastography -- 9.3.2 Electrochemical detection and impedance-based methods -- 9.3.3 Optical detection -- 9.3.3.1 Optical thromboelastography -- 9.4 Resonator-based methods -- 9.4.1 Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) -- 9.4.2 Magnetoelastic transducers for monitoring coagulation -- 9.4.3 Other novel research methods -- 9.5 Future perspectives and challenges -- 9.5.1 Drawbacks of measuring novel anticoagulants -- References.
• 10 - Nanostructured materials and nanoparticles for point of care (POC) medical biosensors -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials -- 10.2.1 Synthesis -- 10.2.1.1 Chemical reduction -- 10.2.1.2 Seeded-growth method -- 10.2.1.3 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) -- 10.2.1.4 Electric arc discharge -- 10.2.1.5 Laser ablation -- 10.2.2 Characterization -- 10.2.2.1 UV-Visible absorbance spectroscopy -- 10.2.2.2 Dynamic light scattering (DLS) -- 10.2.2.3 Zeta potential -- 10.2.2.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 10.2.2.5 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 10.2.2.6 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) -- 10.2.3 Application of nanomaterials in point of care medical biosensors -- 10.3 Biological recognition elements -- 10.3.1 Enzymes -- 10.3.2 DNA -- 10.3.3 Antibodies -- 10.4 Electroanalytical techniques -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 - Microfluidic platforms for point of care (POC) medical diagnostics -- 11.1 Introduction and background -- 11.1.1 Point of care tests -- 11.1.2 Microfluidic platforms -- 11.2 Categories of in vitro diagnostic tests -- 11.2.1 Polymerase chain reaction/nucleic acid amplification -- 11.2.2 Immunoassays -- 11.2.3 Metabolites and clinical chemistry -- 11.2.3.1 Glucose -- 11.2.3.2 Lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL) -- 11.2.3.3 Kidney profile (creatinine, urea, and uric acid) -- 11.2.3.4 Liver function (AST/SGOT, ALT/SGPT) -- 11.2.3.5 Blood gases -- 11.2.3.6 Electrolytes -- 11.2.3.7 Uric acid, lactate, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase -- 11.2.4 Hematology/cell enumeration -- 11.2.4.1 Complete blood count -- 11.2.4.2 Microfluidic methods for hematology -- HIV tests -- Blood cell count/hematology -- Malaria -- 11.2.5 Microbiology -- 11.2.5.1 Antibiotic sensitivity microfluidics -- 11.2.5.2 Single cell/droplet isolation.
• 11.2.5.3 Sepsis urinary tract infection.