Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Schmid, Manfred,

Titel

Laser sintering with plastics : technology, processes, and materials

Auflage

1st ed

Ort / Verlag

Munich ; : Hanser Publishers

Erscheinungsjahr

[2018]

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Intro -- Foreword -- About the Author -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Manufacturing Technology -- 1.2 Additive Manufacturing -- 1.2.1 Areas of Application/Technology Driver -- 1.2.2 Polymer-Based AM Method -- 1.2.3 Technology Maturation -- 1.2.4 Laser Sintering (LS) -- 1.3 References of Chapter 1 -- 2 LS Technology -- 2.1 Machine Technology -- 2.1.1 Machine Configuration -- 2.1.2 Temperature Control -- 2.1.2.1 Heat Sources -- 2.1.2.2 Surface Temperature in the Build Cavity -- 2.1.2.3 Laser Energy Input, Andrew Number (An) -- 2.1.3 Powder Feed -- 2.1.3.1 Powder Supply -- 2.1.3.2 Powder Application -- 2.1.4 Optical Components -- 2.2 Machine Market -- 2.2.1 3D Systems (USA) -- 2.2.2 Electro Optical Systems - EOS (Germany) -- 2.2.3 Aspect (Japan) -- 2.2.4 Farsoon (China) -- 2.2.5 Comparison of Commercial LS Machines -- 2.2.6 Other Machinery -- 2.3 References of Chapter 2 -- 3 LS Process -- 3.1 Process Chain -- 3.1.1 Powder Preparation -- 3.1.2 Data Preparation and Build Job -- 3.1.3 Build Process -- 3.1.3.1 Heating -- 3.1.3.2 Process Cycle -- 3.1.3.3 Parts and Build Chamber Parameters -- 3.1.3.4 Strategy of Part Irradiation -- 3.1.3.5 Cool Down and Part Extraction -- 3.1.4 Process Errors -- 3.1.4.1 Deformation of the Part -- 3.1.4.2 Surface Defects: Orange Peel -- 3.1.4.3 Other Process Errors -- 3.2 Quality Assurance -- 3.2.1 General Quality Actions -- 3.2.2 Test and Comparison Parts -- 3.2.3 Quality Costs -- 3.2.4 PPM Concept (EOS) -- 3.2.5 State of Standardization -- 3.3 References of Chapter 3 -- 4 LS Materials: Polymer Properties -- 4.1 Polymers -- 4.1.1 Polymerization -- 4.1.2 Chemical Structure (Morphology) -- 4.1.3 Thermal Behavior -- 4.1.4 Polymer Processing -- 4.1.5 Viscosity and Molecular Weight -- 4.2 Key Properties of LS Polymers -- 4.2.1 Thermal Properties -- 4.2.1.1 Crystallization and Melting (Sintering Window).
• 4.2.1.2 Heat Capacity (cp) and Enthalpies (DHk, DHm) -- 4.2.1.3 Thermal Conductivity and Heat Radiation -- 4.2.1.4 Modeling the Processes in the Sintering Window -- 4.2.2 Rheology of the Polymer Melt -- 4.2.2.1 Melt Viscosity -- 4.2.2.2 Surface Tension -- 4.2.3 Optical Properties -- 4.2.3.1 Absorption -- 4.2.3.2 Transmission and (Diffuse) Reflection -- 4.2.4 Particles and Powder -- 4.2.4.1 Powder Rheology -- 4.2.4.2 Particle Size Distribution -- 4.2.4.3 Powder Density -- 4.3 References of Chapter 4 -- 5 LS Materials: Polymer Powders -- 5.1 Production of LS Powders -- 5.1.1 Emulsion/Suspension Polymerization -- 5.1.2 Precipitation from Solutions -- 5.1.3 Milling and Mechanical Grinding -- 5.1.4 Coextrusion -- 5.1.5 Overview: Production of LS Powders -- 5.1.6 Other Powder Manufacturing Processes -- 5.1.6.1 Spray Drying -- 5.1.6.2 Drop Extrusion -- 5.1.6.3 Melt Spinning -- 5.1.6.4 RESS with Supercritical Gases -- 5.2 Evaluation of the Powder State -- 5.2.1 Thermal Analysis -- 5.2.1.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 5.2.1.2 Thermogravimetry (TGA) -- 5.2.2 Melt Viscosity -- 5.2.2.1 Melt Flow Index (MVR/MFI Measurements) -- 5.2.2.2 Molecular Weight and Residual Content -- 5.2.3 Particle Shape and Powder Distribution -- 5.2.3.1 Shape and Surface -- 5.2.3.2 Volume and Number Distribution -- 5.2.4 Free-Flowing Behavior of Powders -- 5.2.4.1 Hausner Factor (HF) -- 5.2.4.2 Revolution Powder Analysis -- 5.3 References of Chapter 5 -- 6 LS Materials: Commercial Materials -- 6.1 Polyamide (Nylon) -- 6.1.1 Polyamide 12 (PA 12) -- 6.1.1.1 Powder Distribution and Particles -- 6.1.1.2 Thermal Properties -- 6.1.1.3 Crystal Structure -- 6.1.1.4 Molecular Weight and Post-Condensation -- 6.1.1.5 Powder Aging -- 6.1.1.6 Property Combination of PA 12 -- 6.1.2 Polyamide 11 (PA 11) -- 6.1.3 Comparison of PA 12 and PA 11 -- 6.1.4 PA 12 and PA 11 Compounds.
• 6.1.5 Polyamide 6 (PA 6) -- 6.2 Other LS Polymers -- 6.2.1 Polyether Ketone (PEK) -- 6.2.2 Flame Retardant Materials -- 6.2.3 Polyolefins -- 6.2.3.1 Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) -- 6.2.3.2 Polystyrene (PS) -- 6.2.4 Elastomeric Materials -- 6.2.4.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) -- 6.2.4.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) -- 6.3 References of Chapter 6 -- 7 LS Parts -- 7.1 Part Properties -- 7.1.1 Mechanical Properties -- 7.1.1.1 Short-Term Load: Tensile Test -- 7.1.1.2 LS Build Parameters -- 7.1.1.3 Part Density -- 7.1.1.4 Degree of Particle Melt (DoPM) -- 7.1.1.5 Anisotropy of the Part Properties -- 7.1.1.6 Long-Term Stability -- 7.1.2 Part Surfaces -- 7.1.2.1 Influence Parameters -- 7.1.2.2 Roughness Determination -- 7.1.2.3 Surface Finishing -- 7.1.2.4 Finishing -- 7.2 Applications and Examples -- 7.2.1 AM-Compatible Design -- 7.2.2 Model/Prototype Construction -- 7.2.3 Functional Integration -- 7.2.4 Reduction of Part Lists -- 7.2.5 Customization -- 7.2.6 AM Business Models and Outlook -- 7.3 References of Chapter 7 -- 8 LS Materials Table -- Index -- Leere Seite.
• Laser Sintering (LS) with plastics is one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies: it is currently regarded as the process most likely in the future to permanently cross the border between prototyping and the production of functional parts. This step is challenging because it means that the technology must meet certain requirements that are also valid for traditional and established production processes. Only by succeeding at this step can a wide industry acceptance of LS be expected in the future. In this context, this book covers all levels of the LS process chain, including: - Current state of the machine technology - Essential process steps, both before and during sintering - Specific demands of the materials, powder production methods, and evaluation of powder properties - Mechanical properties and density of the parts produced by LS Examples of LS-produced parts are given, including those with special design features, to illustrate the characteristics and also the limitations of the LS method. In particular, the distinct advantages of LS parts over parts produced with other plastics processing methods (e.g., injection molding) are discussed--
• Description based on print version record.