Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Singal, Sunil Kumar,

Titel

Small hydropower : design and analysis

Ort / Verlag

Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; : Elsevier,

Erscheinungsjahr

[2023]

Link zum Volltext

• Elsevier Books AutoHoldings

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Front Cover -- Small Hydropower -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of abbreviations -- 1 Introduction to small hydropower -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Need for small hydropower -- 1.1.2 Potential of small hydropower -- 1.1.3 Small hydropower development and policies -- 1.1.4 Future aspects -- 1.2 Summary -- 1.3 Exercise -- 1.4 For practice -- Further reading -- 2 Classification of small hydropower schemes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Definition of small hydropower -- 2.3 Classification -- 2.3.1 Based on head -- 2.3.1.1 Ultralow head -- 2.3.1.2 Low head -- 2.3.1.3 Medium head -- 2.3.1.4 High head -- 2.3.2 Based on capacity -- 2.3.3 Based on connection system -- 2.3.4 Based on hydraulic characteristics -- 2.3.4.1 Run-of-river small hydropower schemes -- 2.3.4.2 Diversion-based small hydropower schemes -- 2.3.4.3 Impoundment or dam-toe small hydropower schemes -- 2.3.5 Based on turbine characteristics -- 2.3.6 Based on load characteristics -- 2.3.6.1 Base load small hydropower plant -- 2.3.6.2 Peak load small hydropower plant -- 2.3.7 Based on use/applications -- 2.4 Summary -- For practice -- References -- 3 Investigation and site selection for small hydropower system -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Objective of site investigation -- 3.3 Preliminary investigation -- 3.4 Detailed investigations -- 3.4.1 Topographical survey and site selection -- 3.4.1.1 Canal-based small hydropower schemes -- 3.4.1.2 Dam-Toe schemes -- 3.4.1.3 Run-of-river schemes -- 3.4.1.3.1 Diversion weir and intake -- 3.4.1.3.2 Power channel, desilting tank, and forebay -- 3.4.1.3.3 Penstock -- 3.4.1.3.4 Powerhouse -- 3.4.2 Hydrological investigation -- 3.4.3 Geological investigation -- 3.4.4 Load demand survey -- 3.4.4.1 Grid connected -- 3.4.4.2 Isolated schemes -- 3.4.5 Socioeconomic investigations -- 3.4.6 Meteorological surveys.
• 3.4.7 Construction material survey -- 3.4.8 Load survey and power evacuation -- 3.4.9 Environmental investigations -- 3.4.10 Infrastructural facilities -- 3.4.11 Muck disposal -- 3.5 Flow duration -- 3.6 Power equation -- 3.7 Power potential and installed capacity -- 3.7.1 Fixation of installed capacity -- 3.7.2 Selection of unit-size and number of units -- 3.8 Summary -- Exercise -- Further reading -- 4 Components of civil works -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Civil works components -- 4.2.1 Diversion structure -- 4.2.1.1 Partial weir -- 4.2.1.2 Gabion weir -- 4.2.1.3 Trench weir -- 4.2.1.4 Raised weir -- 4.2.1.5 Inflatable weir or rubber dam -- 4.3 Intake structure -- 4.3.1 Types of intake structure -- 4.4 Water conductor system -- 4.4.1 Channel with lining -- 4.4.2 Tunnels -- 4.4.3 Pipes -- 4.5 Cross-drainage structures -- 4.5.1 Stream crossing above the man-made power channel -- 4.5.2 Stream crossing below the man-made power channel -- 4.6 Desilting devices -- 4.6.1 Desilting chamber -- 4.6.2 Vortex tube -- 4.7 Forebay -- 4.7.1 Functions of forebay -- 4.7.2 Layout of forebay -- 4.7.3 Design of forebay -- 4.8 Surge tank -- 4.8.1 Data required for design -- 4.8.2 Design condition -- 4.9 Penstock -- 4.9.1 Types of penstock -- 4.9.1.1 Buried penstock -- 4.9.1.2 Exposed penstocks -- 4.9.2 Number of penstock -- 4.9.3 Penstock's economical diameter -- 4.10 Powerhouse building -- 4.10.1 Location -- 4.10.2 Dimensioning -- 4.10.3 Canal fall-based powerhouse -- 4.11 Tailrace channel -- 4.12 Summary -- Exercise -- References -- Further reading -- 5 Elements of small hydropower: mechanical equipment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Trash rack -- 5.3 Gates -- 5.4 Valves -- 5.5 Hydraulic turbines -- 5.5.1 Principle of operation -- 5.5.2 Components of the hydraulic turbines -- 5.5.2.1 Casing -- 5.5.2.2 Runner -- 5.5.2.3 Draft tube.
• 5.5.3 Configuration of small hydraulic turbines -- 5.5.3.1 Francis turbines -- 5.5.3.2 Axial flow turbines -- 5.5.3.3 Action turbines (Pelton, Turgo, Cross Flow turbines) -- 5.5.4 Energy conversion in reaction turbines -- 5.5.5 Efficiency of hydraulic turbines -- 5.5.5.1 Hydraulic losses -- 5.5.5.2 Volumetric losses -- 5.5.5.3 Mechanical losses -- 5.5.5.4 Overall efficiency -- 5.5.5.5 Remark -- 5.5.6 Operating characteristics of turbines -- 5.5.7 Energy conversion is action turbines -- 5.5.8 Similitude in hydraulic turbines -- 5.5.8.1 Similitude laws -- 5.5.8.2 Specific speed and dimensionless parameters -- 5.5.9 Selection of the type of the turbine and the main characteristic parameters -- 5.5.10 Runaway speed of rotation -- 5.5.11 Cavitation of turbines -- 5.5.12 Particular types of small hydraulic turbines -- 5.5.12.1 Pump as turbine also known as PAT -- 5.5.12.2 The Archimedean screw -- 5.5.12.3 Hydrokinetic turbines -- 5.6 Unit's bearings and lubrication system -- 5.6.1 Introduction -- 5.6.2 Bearings arrangement -- 5.6.3 The thrust bearing -- 5.6.4 Bearings of guide vanes -- Problems -- References -- Further reading -- 6 Elements of small hydropower: electrical equipment and control -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electrical generators -- 6.2.1 Principle of operation -- 6.2.2 Efficiency and cooling -- 6.2.3 Excitation -- 6.2.4 General remarks -- 6.2.5 Asynchronous generators -- 6.3 Main transformer -- 6.4 Governors -- 6.4.1 Operating point of turbine-generator unit -- 6.4.2 Types of governors -- 6.5 Control, protection, and switch gear -- 6.5.1 Control -- 6.5.1.1 Connection to a strongly interconnected grid -- 6.5.1.2 Connection to small autonomous grid -- 6.5.1.3 Starting and stopping procedure of the unit -- 6.5.2 Safety -- 6.5.3 Switchgear -- 6.6 Components for the reduction of hydraulic transients intensity.
• 6.6.1 Introduction to hydraulic transients -- 6.6.2 Transients into the penstock -- 6.6.2.1 Rigid water column theory -- 6.6.2.2 Introduction of compressibility and of elasticity -- 6.6.3 Transients on the turbine -- 6.6.4 Measures to reduce the intensity of transients is SHP -- 6.6.4.1 Introduction of surge a tank -- 6.6.4.2 Increase of the moment of inertia -- 6.6.4.3 Introduction of relief valve -- Problems -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Elements of small hydropower plant: the powerhouse -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Powerhouse of SHP with action turbines (Pelton, Turgo, and Cross-Flow) -- 7.3 Powerhouse of SHP with Francis turbines -- 7.4 Powerhouse of SHP with axial-flow turbines -- 7.5 Auxiliaries -- 7.5.1 Auxiliary AC power supply -- 7.5.2 DC power supply -- 7.5.3 Service water piping -- 7.5.4 Sump pump -- 7.6 Hydraulic forces on the basement of the powerhouse -- Problems -- Reference -- Further reading -- 8 Stages for development of small hydropower projects -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Development stages of small hydropower projects -- 8.2.1 Project planning and formulation -- 8.2.2 Project formulation -- 8.3 Project management necessity -- 8.3.1 Stages of small hydropower projects -- 8.3.2 Typical works of small hydropower projects -- 8.4 Project management -- 8.4.1 Key activities -- 8.4.2 Project management unit -- 8.5 Arrangements for the implementation of the project -- 8.5.1 Involved entities -- 8.5.2 Procurement and consulting services -- 8.5.3 Consultant staff -- 8.5.4 Accounting, auditing reporting, and monitoring of the project -- 8.5.5 Undertaking various project management services -- 8.6 Investigations -- 8.7 Small hydropower projects planning -- 8.7.1 Estimation of benefits -- 8.7.2 Selection of type of project -- 8.7.3 Desilting measures -- 8.7.4 Type of structures -- 8.8 Factors considered in planning.
• 8.9 Planning methodology -- 8.9.1 Collection of data -- 8.9.2 Map studies -- 8.9.3 Field visit -- 8.9.4 Mapping and site investigations -- 8.9.5 Conceptual design -- 8.10 Project implementation -- 8.11 Construction management for civil facilities -- 8.12 Management and installation of E&amp -- M equipment and its auxiliaries -- 8.12.1 Planning of erection -- 8.12.2 Pre-erection activities mainly cover the following -- 8.13 Summary -- Exercise -- Further reading -- 9 Economic and financial aspects of small hydropower -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Estimation of cost -- 9.2.1 Preliminary estimates -- 9.2.2 Cost estimation using a formula -- 9.2.3 Cost estimates in detail -- 9.3 Financial terminology -- 9.3.1 Capital cost -- 9.3.2 Financing arrangements and funding source -- 9.3.3 Interest during construction -- 9.3.4 Fiscal incentives for small hydropower -- 9.3.5 Debt-to-equity ratio -- 9.3.6 Working capital -- 9.3.7 Discount rate -- 9.3.8 Financial evaluation -- 9.3.9 Cost of installation -- 9.3.10 Unit generation cost -- 9.3.10.1 Energy available for sale -- 9.3.10.2 Electricity sale price -- 9.3.11 Benefit-cost ratio -- 9.3.12 Present value of benefits -- 9.3.13 Net present value (NPV) -- 9.3.14 Internal rate of return -- 9.4 Financial evaluation -- 9.5 Determination of tariff -- 9.5.1 Plant's useful life -- 9.5.2 Period of tariff -- 9.5.3 Design of tariff -- 9.5.4 Structure of tariff -- 9.5.4.1 Return on equity -- 9.5.4.2 Interest on loan -- 9.5.4.2.1 Rate of interest -- 9.5.4.2.2 Loan tenure -- 9.5.4.2.3 Moratorium period -- 9.5.4.3 Interest on working capital -- 9.5.4.4 Depreciation -- 9.5.4.5 Operation and maintenance expenses -- 9.5.4.6 Clean development mechanism (CDM) benefits -- 9.5.4.7 Taxes and duties -- 9.6 Summary -- Questions -- Further reading -- 10 Environmental impacts of small hydropower system -- 10.1 Introduction.
• 10.2 Sustainability of small hydropower projects.
• Small Hydropower: Design and Analysis presents a comprehensive guide to the design, operation and maintenance of small hydropower plants. Using detailed diagrams and illustrations, the book examines the classifications, components, equipment, feasibility and analysis of each aspect of SHPs. Following a broad introduction, the book discusses classification approaches based on head, discharge, capacity, etc., analyzes site selection, and gives an overview of key development stages. SHP components for civil engineering works and electro-mechanical equipment have dedicated chapters that are followed by a chapter on how to design new components for the civil, mechanical and electrical aspects of a plant.
• Description based on print version record.