Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• OECD
• OECD,

Titel

OECD Environmental Performance Reviews

Ort / Verlag

Paris : OECD Publishing,

Erscheinungsjahr

2021

Link zum Volltext

• OECD iLibrary

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Intro -- Foreword -- Table of contents -- Reader's guide -- Signs -- Country aggregates -- Currency -- Cut-off date -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Basic statistics of Belgium -- Executive summary -- Belgium is not on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 -- The federal and regional governments should share a long-term vision to reach 2030 targets aligned with climate neutrality -- Regions need to strengthen co-ordination -- Compliance promotion and monitoring have improved, but enforcement must be more effective -- Enhancing policy coherence to build a strong, resilient and green economic recovery -- Belgium must develop a more ambitious biodiversity policy -- Regional planning, agricultural and trade policy provide levers for action -- Waste management and circular economy policies have been strong… -- …but further efforts and co-ordination are needed -- Assessment and recommendations -- 1.1. Environmental performance: Trends and recent developments -- Belgium may achieve its 2020 climate targets, but it lacks a long-term vision shared by the federal and regional governments to reach 2030 targets aligned with climate neutrality -- Air emissions have dropped, but air pollution remains a health concern -- Material productivity is high and municipal waste management is efficient -- Intensive agriculture is a major environmental pressure -- Better management of protected areas is required to improve the conservation of habitats and species -- More needs to be done to improve water quality -- 1.2. Environmental governance and management -- Disparity of regional systems is partly mitigated through co-ordination mechanisms -- Environmental assessment of policies has improved and includes ex post evaluation -- The permitting system is diversified, linked to spatial planning and supported by general binding rules.
• Strengthened enforcement has led to reduced non-compliance, but challenges remain -- Various tools are used to promote green business practices -- Environmental democracy is vibrant, supported by education and awareness efforts -- 1.3. Towards green growth -- Enhancing policy coherence to build a strong, resilient and green economic recovery -- There is scope to make the tax system more growth- and environmentally-friendly -- Investment needs in low-carbon infrastructure are high -- Belgium is a strong innovator, but eco-innovation performance is modest -- 1.4. Biodiversity -- Updating the National Biodiversity Strategy is an opportunity to increase ambition -- Nature-based solutions should be put into practice -- There is room to better mainstream biodiversity in spatial planning, agricultural, forest, climate and trade policies -- 1.5. Waste, materials management and the circular economy -- Both material consumption and municipal waste generation have decoupled from GDP -- Nearly all municipal waste goes for recovery and recycling, although further efforts are needed to meet long-term recycling goals -- The regions and the federal government have launched ambitious circular economy initiatives, but further efforts are needed to consolidate results -- Further co-ordination is needed for more effective and efficient waste and circular economy policies -- References -- Notes -- Annex 1.A. Actions taken to implement selected recommendations from the 2007 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Belgium -- Part I. Progress towards sustainable development -- 1. Environmental performance: Trends and recent developments -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Main economic and social developments -- 1.2.1. Economic performance and structure of the economy -- 1.2.2. Progress towards sustainable development.
• 1.2.3. Population, well-being and environmental quality of life -- Regional disparities and well-being -- Public perception of environmental quality and awareness of environmental issues -- 1.3. Transition to an energy-efficient and low-carbon economy -- 1.3.1. Main objectives and programmes -- 1.3.2. Energy supply and demand -- Energy supply and electricity production -- Renewable energy -- Energy consumption -- Transport -- 1.3.3. Climate change mitigation and adaptation -- Greenhouse gas emissions profile -- Progress towards main objectives -- Adaptation to climate change -- 1.4. Atmospheric emissions and air quality -- 1.4.1. Main objectives and programmes -- 1.4.2. Atmospheric emissions -- 1.4.3. Air quality -- 1.5. Transition to efficient resource management -- 1.5.1. Material consumption -- 1.5.2. Waste prevention and management -- Total waste -- Municipal waste -- 1.6. Land use and natural resource management -- 1.6.1. Physical context and land use -- 1.6.2. Use of agricultural inputs -- 1.6.3. Biodiversity and ecosystems -- Protected areas -- Habitat and species -- 1.6.4. Water management -- Key plans and programmes -- Water resources -- Water quality -- Wastewater treatment -- Floods risk -- References -- Notes -- 2. Environmental governance and management -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Institutional framework for environmental governance -- 2.2.1. Division of responsibilities -- 2.2.2. Co-ordination mechanisms -- 2.3. Setting of regulatory requirements -- 2.3.1. Regulatory and policy evaluation -- 2.3.2. Environmental impact assessment and permitting -- 2.3.3. Land-use planning -- 2.4. Compliance assurance -- 2.4.1. Environmental inspections -- 2.4.2. Enforcement -- 2.4.3. Environmental liability -- 2.4.4. Promotion of compliance and green practices -- 2.4.5. Voluntary business initiatives.
• 2.4.6. Environmental management system certifications -- 2.4.7. Greening public procurement -- 2.5. Promoting environmental democracy -- 2.5.1. Public participation in environmental decision making -- 2.5.2. Access to environmental information -- 2.5.3. Access to justice -- 2.5.4. Environmental education -- References -- Notes -- 3. Towards green growth -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Ensuring a strong, resilient and green economic recovery -- 3.3. Enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development -- 3.4. Greening the tax system -- 3.4.1. Environmentally related taxes: An overview -- 3.4.2. Taxes on energy use and carbon pricing -- Taxes on energy -- 3.4.3. Removing environmentally harmful support to fossil fuel consumption -- 3.4.4. Transport-related taxes and charges -- Vehicle taxes -- Road pricing -- Tax treatment of company cars and commuting allowances -- 3.4.5. Taxes and charges on pollution -- 3.4.6. Distributional implications of environmentally related taxes -- 3.5. Investing in the environment and low-carbon infrastructure to promote green growth -- 3.5.1. Public expenditure for environmental protection -- 3.5.2. Promoting investment in sustainable energy and mobility -- Renewables -- Energy efficiency in buildings -- Sustainable transport and mobility -- 3.6. Promoting eco-innovation and green markets -- 3.6.1. Eco-innovation policy and performance -- 3.6.2. Expanding environment-related markets and employment -- References -- Notes -- Part II. Progress towards selected environmental objectives -- 4. Biodiversity -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Institutional and policy framework -- 4.3. State, pressures and trends -- 4.3.1. Marine biodiversity -- 4.3.2. Terrestrial biodiversity -- Flanders -- Protected areas -- Connectivity -- Wallonia -- Protected areas -- Connectivity -- Brussels-Capital Region -- Protected areas -- Connectivity.
• 4.4. Policy mix -- 4.4.1. Towards more payments for ecosystem services -- 4.5. Mainstreaming biodiversity in other policies -- 4.5.1. Spatial planning policy -- Brussels-Capital -- Flanders -- Wallonia -- 4.5.2. Agricultural policy -- The framework of EU's Common Agricultural Policy -- Farm nutrient management -- 4.5.3. Forest policy -- 4.5.4. Climate policy -- 4.5.5. Pesticide policy -- 4.5.6. Economy, development co-operation, science policy and transport -- 4.5.7. Trade and biodiversity -- References -- Notes -- 5. Waste, materials management and the circular economy -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Trends in material consumption and waste management -- 5.2.1. Trends in material consumption -- 5.2.2. Trends in waste generation and management -- Total waste -- Municipal waste -- Industrial waste -- Hazardous waste -- Waste expenditures and financing -- Waste shipments -- 5.3. Objectives, policies and institutions for waste, materials management and the circular economy -- 5.3.1. Policy framework and objectives -- Waste management policies and targets -- Policies and targets for the circular economy -- 5.3.2. Legal framework -- 5.3.3. Institutional framework and governance -- 5.3.4. Monitoring and information systems -- 5.3.5. International co-operation and outreach -- 5.4. Promoting waste reduction and recycling -- 5.4.1. Reducing and recycling municipal waste -- Waste reduction -- Waste collection -- Raising public awareness to address littering -- Waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 5.4.2. Extended producer responsibility -- Packaging waste -- Other waste streams -- 5.4.3. Managing contaminated sites and old landfills -- 5.4.4. Enforcement and inspection of waste shipments -- 5.5. Promoting the circular economy -- 5.5.1. Circular economy initiatives -- 5.5.2. Public procurement for the circular economy.
• 5.5.3. Promoting the circular economy in the construction sector.
• Belgium has made progress in decoupling several environmental pressures from economic growth, in improving wastewater treatment and in expanding protected areas. Regions have achieved high levels of recovery and recycling, and have pioneered circular economy policies. However, further efforts are needed to progress towards carbon neutrality, reduce air and water pollution, reverse biodiversity loss and consolidate results of circular economy initiatives.
• Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.