Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,

Titel

Brick by Brick

Auflage

First edition

Ort / Verlag

Paris, France : OECD Publishing,

Erscheinungsjahr

[2021]

Link zum Volltext

• OECD iLibrary

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Includes bibliographical references.
• Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- 1 Designing Policies for Efficient, Inclusive and Sustainable Housing -- Housing has become less affordable -- Housing costs have risen faster than other consumption expenditures -- Rising housing costs put a disproportionate burden on low-income households -- Why have housing costs risen so much in so many countries? -- Supply has not kept up with demand -- Governments are investing less in housing development -- Housing affects economic performance in many ways -- Housing markets play a paramount role in the economy -- Greater access to housing finance creates opportunities and risks -- Residential mobility yields important benefits but may be hindered by poorly functioning housing markets -- Housing affects inequalities -- Lack of access to quality housing can have lasting distributional effects -- Housing is an integral part of household wealth -- Housing has sizeable environmental consequences -- Housing accounts for a substantial share of global CO2 emissions -- Complex links tie housing and environmental quality -- What can governments do? -- Building on complementarities among policy objectives -- Well-designed social housing can improve affordability along with other policy objectives. -- Tax reforms can bring economic, social and environmental benefits -- Reforming land-use regulations can yield multiple benefits -- Urban renovation policies are important for environmental and social objectives -- Managing trade-offs and unintended policy effects -- Some trade-offs involve balancing short- against long-term affordability -- Some macro-prudential measures raise challenges for particular groups -- Efforts to improve the environmental sustainability of housing can entail costs -- Improve housing policy governance to facilitate integrated responses to trade-offs.
• Annex 1.A1. Definitions and sources of indicators -- References -- Notes -- 2 Promoting Housing Affordability -- Assess housing affordability across different tenure and household types -- Housing is the biggest spending item in household budgets -- Housing costs have steadily increased, especially for renters -- Quality gaps exacerbate the housing affordability challenge, especially among low-income households -- Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, homelessness was on the rise in a third of OECD countries -- National averages mask differences in affordability gaps across people and regions -- Address the barriers to affordable housing -- Governments are investing less in housing development -- Building homes is increasingly expensive -- Demand for affordable housing is growing and changing -- Make housing more affordable -- Reinvigorate investment in affordable and social housing -- Improve targeting of public support towards low-income households, with attention to potential trade-offs -- Make the private rental market more affordable -- 3 Enhancing Resilience -- Recognise the role of housing for economic stability -- Address housing threats to macroeconomic resilience -- Deploy macroprudential tools -- Align structural housing-related policies with the goal of economic resilience -- Rental market regulation influences housing cycles -- Property taxation can also have an effect on housing market dynamics -- Supply responsiveness also has implications for economic resilience -- References -- Notes -- 4 Boosting Housing Market Efficiency -- Make housing affordable -- Rising house prices create socio-economic challenges -- Policies affect both demand for and supply of housing -- Housing policies differ markedly across countries -- Demand for housing will continue to increase substantially in most countries -- Learn from other countries' housing policies.
• Foster societal, technological and environmental transformations -- Reduce structural disruptions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic -- Favour the transition towards greener and smarter cities -- References -- Notes -- 5 Measuring the Role of Housing in the Distribution of Wealth -- Quantify the importance of housing wealth in household balance sheets -- Housing represents the largest asset in household portfolios -- Housing debt is the largest liability in household portfolios -- Analyse the link between housing and wealth inequality -- Housing tenure varies largely across countries -- Housing features prominently in household balance sheets -- Weigh opportunities and risks of housing debt -- Access to mortgage debt is a key driver of homeownership -- High housing debt exposes households to financial vulnerabilities -- References -- Notes -- 6 Lifting Obstacles to Residential Mobility -- Do not hinder residential mobility -- Housing matters for mobility and homeowners are much less mobile than renters -- Embrace policies that favour residential mobility -- Reduce housing transaction costs -- Remove bottlenecks to responsive housing supply -- Reform excessively rigid rental market regulations -- Invest in social housing -- References -- Notes -- 7 Reconciling Housing and the Environment -- Recognise the strong environmental impact of housing -- Identify policies that lead to improvements in environmental quality and housing affordability -- Environmentally related construction practices and energy efficiency measures affect construction and maintenance costs -- Environmentally related transport policies affect both demand and supply of housing -- Anticipate the impact of housing policies on the environment.
• Property taxes can induce urban sprawl with negative consequences on the environment, but also be leveraged to reduce the environmental impact of development -- Coordination between the different levels of government is necessary to reconcile the objectives of housing affordability and environment preservation -- Environmental policies also affect other dimensions -- Use cost-benefit analysis -- Re-evaluate the stringency of land-use policies -- Invest in public transport and soft mobility -- Consider tailored compensation mechanisms in case of hard trade-offs -- References -- Notes -- 8 Improving the Governance of Housing -- Streamline governance across and within government levels -- The shared governance of social housing between central and local government should be used to combine local adequacy with portability -- Effective alignment of objectives across levels of government is essential in the area of land-use -- Strategic spatial plans spanning functional territories are needed to introduce mechanisms for better inter-municipal collaboration -- National governments have a role to play in land-use governance -- National housing governance needs to overcome sectoral silos -- Promote flexible land-use planning -- Land-use planning contributes to shaping cities and driving housing affordability -- Avoid restrictive zoning regulation and single-use zoning -- Regularly re-evaluate urban boundaries as needed -- Increasing the flexibility of land-use allows housing construction to adapt to changing socio-economic and demographic trends -- Use of recurrent taxes on immovable property can promote efficient land-use, yet interactions with land-use regulation may limit their ability to increase density -- Annex 8.A1. Definitions -- 9 Upgrading the Evidence Base -- Collect more data on house price trends and levels across countries.
• House price indices measure developments over time taking account of quality changes -- Coverage is extensive at the national level -- Coverage has expanded but remains more limited at the regional level -- House price levels are a key area for future work -- A measurement agenda for house price statistics is emerging -- Better assess housing vulnerability among households -- Develop more robust data on evictions -- Homelessness is challenging to measure and compare across countries -- A measurement agenda is called for to improve the evidence base on eviction and homelessness -- Measure local land-use regulations -- Measuring land-use regulations poses significant challenges -- Towards internationally comparable data on local land-use planning policies -- References -- Notes.
• The report brings together evidence, international experience and policy insights for the design of housing policies. Emphasis is placed on three broad aspects: inclusiveness, efficiency and sustainability. Inclusive access to housing has become increasingly challenging in many OECD countries due to a large extent to rising housing costs, which reflects the failure of housing supply to meet demand, particularly in jobs-rich urban areas.
• Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.
• Description based on print version record.