Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• OECD
• OECD,

Titel

Lobbying in the 21st Century Transparency, Integrity and Access

Ort / Verlag

Paris : OECD Publishing,

Erscheinungsjahr

2021

Link zum Volltext

• OECD iLibrary

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Definitions of terms -- Executive summary -- Key findings -- 1 Lobbying in the 21st Century -- Introduction -- Lobbying is a broad and complex activity -- Major global challenges are strongly influenced by lobbying practices -- COVID-19 highlighted governance frameworks' susceptibility to undue influence -- References -- 2 Transparency -- Introduction -- Transparency on the targets of lobbying activities is limited -- Few countries are transparent about lobbying that targets all branches of government -- Transparency is still the exception at the subnational level -- Transparency on who is conducting lobbying activities is limited -- Certain actors who are de facto lobbyists are not always covered by transparency requirements -- Further transparency is needed to determine the beneficial owners of companies influencing the policy-making process -- In most countries there is no transparency on the influence of foreign governments -- More transparency is needed on all forms of influence -- Transparency on core lobbying activities is limited -- Transparency on political finance is greater than on lobbying, although loopholes remain -- More transparency is needed on the sources of funds for research, think tanks and grassroots organisations -- More transparency is needed on the use of media and social media as a lobbying tool -- Transparency on interests advising government ad hoc bodies is limited -- Information disclosed is usually incomplete and does not allow public scrutiny -- Information on the objective of the lobbying activity is limited -- The timing of disclosures does not allow for public scrutiny -- Engagement with lobbyists and digital tools are used to promote compliance.
• Engagement with lobbyists and public officials encourages compliance with transparency requirements -- Digital tools and automatic verifications are useful for increasing public scrutiny -- Audit and review of the rules and guidelines on lobbying is limited -- A limited number of countries have carried out audits and reviews -- External oversight has proven valuable in identifying gaps in implementation -- References -- 3 Integrity -- Introduction -- Public officials need an integrity framework adapted to the risks of lobbying and other influence activities -- Few countries have specific integrity standards for public officials on lobbying activities -- Public officials require additional guidance to assess the reliability of information -- Rules on gifts, invitations and hospitalities are robust, but need continued attention -- The revolving door is still a concern, despite strict standards for managing conflicts of interest. -- Post-public employment -- Pre-public employment -- Guidance, capacity building and awareness raising can be increased -- Companies and lobbyists need a full integrity framework to engage in policy making -- Companies and lobbyists need comprehensive, detailed integrity standards -- Misalignment between companies' public commitments and lobbying practices reduce trust in public decision making -- References -- 4 Access -- Introduction -- Opportunities for participation need to be increased -- Stakeholders may not always be aware of opportunities to participate -- Stakeholders are introduced into the policy-making process at too late a stage -- Limited information is available to stakeholders -- Stakeholders' capacity needs to be carefully evaluated -- Stakeholders' capacities and capabilities need to be taken into account -- Stakeholders face marginal benefits and high costs for participation.
• Stakeholders need feedback and follow-up -- References -- Note -- 5 Summary and conclusions -- Introduction -- Continued relevance and next steps -- References -- Annex A. Detailed transparency and integrity standards on lobbying activities -- Annex B. Methodology -- Background -- Methodology -- Process -- Dissemination -- References.
• Lobbying, as a way to influence and inform governments, has been part of democracy for at least two centuries, and remains a legitimate tool for influencing public policies. However, it carries risks of undue influence.
• Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.