Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,

Titel

OECD environmental performance reviews : Brazil 2015

Ort / Verlag

Paris, France : Organisation For Economic Co-operation and Development,

Erscheinungsjahr

[2015]

Link zum Volltext

• OECD iLibrary

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Includes bibliographical references.
• Intro -- Preface -- Foreword -- Table of contents -- Reader's guide -- General notes -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Executive summary -- Brazil's continued development depends on the sustainable use of environmental resources -- Progress in reducing Amazon deforestation has been impressive -- Nearly 2 000 protected areas provide large socio-economic opportunities -- Brazil has ambitious biodiversity targets but policy coherence needs to be improved -- Environmental laws are stringent but implementation gaps persist -- Brazil should make a wider use of green taxes and remove harmful tax exemptions -- Brazil needs to further improve its infrastructure and remove barriers to eco-innovation -- Assessment and recommendations -- 1. Brazil's environmental performance: An overview -- Climate change -- Figure 1. Selected environmental performance indicators -- Air quality -- Waste management -- Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use -- Water resources -- Recommendations on climate change policy and air, water and waste management -- 2. Environmental governance and management -- Multilevel environmental governance framework -- Financing of environmental institutions -- Environmental legislation -- Environmental licensing, compliance and enforcement -- Environmental democracy -- 3. Greening the economy in the context of sustainable development -- The sustainable development framework -- Recommendations on environmental governance and management -- Greening the system of taxes and charges -- Environment-related investment and financing -- Figure 2. BNDES environment-related disbursements have increased significantly -- Investment in clean energy and sustainable transport -- Eco-innovation and environmental goods and services -- Development co-operation -- Recommendations on greening the economy in the context of sustainable development.
• Recommendations on greening the economy in the context of sustainable development (cont.) -- 4. Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity -- Brazil's biodiversity: state, trends and pressures -- Figure 3. Expanding protected areas has helped reduce deforestation in the Amazon -- Improving the knowledge base for biodiversity policy -- Policy framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use -- An integrated strategy to combat deforestation -- The new Forest Code and the Rural Environmental Cadastre -- Payments for ecosystem services and conditional cash-transfer programmes -- Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing -- Mainstreaming biodiversity consideration in agriculture, fishery and energy policies -- 5. Protected areas -- The expansion of the protected area system -- Recommendations on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity -- Recommendations on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (cont.) -- The institutional framework -- Establishment of protected areas -- Effective management of protected areas -- Human resources -- Financial resources -- Promoting public visitation -- Extractive and sustainable development reserves -- Recommendations on protected areas -- Notes -- References -- Basic statistics of Brazil (2013 or latest available year) -- Executive summary -- Assessment and recommendations -- Part I. Progress towards sustainable development -- Chapter 1. Key environmental trends -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Key economic and social developments -- 2.1. Economic performance -- Figure 1.1. Brazil's per capita income reached higher levels than in most BRIICS countries -- Figure 1.2. Unemployment decreased while labour income increased -- 2.2. Structure of the economy and trade -- 2.3. Regional disparities and inequality -- Figure 1.3. Per capita income varies widely across Brazilian states.
• 2.4. Population, urbanisation and quality of life -- Figure 1.4. Life satisfaction in Brazil is high, but some constraints remain -- 3. Transition to an energy-efficient and low-carbon economy -- 3.1. Energy use in Brazil -- Figure 1.5. Renewables make up an increasingly large share of the energy supply -- Figure 1.6. Energy consumption in transport and industry has been rising rapidly -- 3.2. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions -- Figure 1.7. GHG emissions from deforestation declined, but emissions are rising in other sectors -- Figure 1.8. Brazil's carbon intensity remains low by international comparison -- 3.3. Other air emissions and air quality -- Figure 1.9. Transport-related air emissions are decreasing, but overall emissions are rising -- 4. Transition to a resource-efficient economy -- 4.1. Material consumption -- Figure 1.10. Domestic material consumption increased faster than GDP -- 4.2. Waste management -- Figure 1.11. Waste management has improved, but remains challenging in rural areas -- 4.3. Agriculture and nutrient inputs -- Figure 1.12. The use of agricultural chemicals is high and increasing -- 5. Managing the natural asset base -- 5.1. Biodiversity -- Figure 1.13. Vegetation cover has declined in some Brazilian biomes -- Figure 1.14. A large share of Brazil's territory is under environmental protection -- 5.2. Water resources -- Figure 1.15. Water use, especially by agriculture, has increased considerably -- Figure 1.16. Water quality is critical in many urban areas -- Figure 1.17. Access to sewage collection networks and sewage treatment needs to be expanded -- Recommendations on climate change policy and air, water and waste management -- Notes -- References -- Annex 1.A. Energy and transport data -- Figure 1.A1. Energy structure and intensity -- Figure 1.A2. Road transport -- Annex 1.B. Climate change and air pollution data.
• Figure 1.B1. GHG emissions and intensity -- Figure 1.B2. CO2 emissions and intensity -- Figure 1.B3. SOx emissions and intensity -- Figure 1.B4. NOx emissions and intensity -- Figure 1.B5. PM2.5 emissions and pollution -- Annex 1.C. Waste and resource management data -- Figure 1.C1. Waste generation and management -- Figure 1.C2. Material consumption and productivity -- Figure 1.C3. Agricultural inputs and livestock density -- Annex 1.D. Biodiversity and water data -- Figure 1.D1. Fish catches and threatened species -- Figure 1.D2. Water abstraction and wastewater treatment -- Chapter 2. Environmental governance and management -- 1. Multilevel institutional framework for environmental governance -- Table 2.1. SISNAMA at different government levels -- 1.1. National institutions and horizontal co-ordination -- Box 2.1. Institutional framework for water governance -- 1.2. Subnational institutions -- Box 2.2. São Paulo's GreenBlue Programme -- Figure 2.1. Many municipalities have established an environmental institution -- 1.3. Vertical collaboration mechanisms -- 2. Environmental institution budgets and environmental funds -- Figure 2.2. The federal budget allocated to environmental institutions has grown -- Table 2.2. Federal environment funds -- 3. Key environment-related policies and regulations -- Box 2.3. Principal federal environment laws -- 3.1. Climate change -- Table 2.3. Sectoral climate change mitigation and adaptation programmes to 2020 -- 3.2. Air pollution control -- Table 2.4. National air quality standards vs. WHO guidelines -- 3.3. Water resource management -- Box 2.4. National Water Management Pact -- 3.4. Waste management -- 4. Environmental impact assessment and licensing -- 4.1. Environmental licensing -- Table 2.5. State perspective on environmental licensing: Challenges and proposals.
• Box 2.5. Selected environmental licensing regulations -- 4.2. Environmental impact assessment -- 4.3. Land use planning -- 5. Environmental compliance assurance -- 5.1. Promotion of compliance and green practices -- Table 2.6. Environment-related resolutions and circulars of the Brazilian Central Bank -- Box 2.6. The Equator Principles -- 5.2. Environmental inspections -- 5.3. Enforcement tools -- 5.4. Environmental liability -- 6. Promoting environmental democracy -- 6.1. Public participation in environmental decision making -- 6.2. Provision of and access to environmental information -- Box 2.7. Brazil's sustainable development indicators -- 6.3. Access to justice -- Box 2.8. Litigation over the Belo Monte Dam construction -- 6.4. Environmental awareness and education -- Figure 2.3. Deforestation is Brazilians' top environmental concern, except among urban dwellers -- Recommendations on environmental governance and management -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3. Greening the economy in the context of sustainable development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The policy framework for sustainable development and the green economy -- 2.1. The strategic framework for sustainable development -- 2.2. Aligning social policies with environmental objectives -- Box 3.1. Brazil's flagship social protection programme, Bolsa Família -- 3. Greening the system of taxes and charges -- 3.1. Brazil's tax system and the environment: An overview -- Box 3.2. Using oil and gas revenue for environmental purposes -- Figure 3.1. Revenue from environmentally related taxes has declined -- 3.2. Energy taxes and charges -- Figure 3.2. Effective tax rates on CO2 emissions from energy use are low -- Table 3.1. Fuel consumption tax rates, 2001-15 -- Figure 3.3. CO2 emissions from transport fuel use are taxed less than in most other countries -- 3.3. Vehicle taxes.
• Figure 3.4. Revenue from vehicle taxes grew with the vehicle fleet.
• This report is the first OECD review of Brazil's environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and protected areas.The OECD Environmental Performance Review Programme provides independent assessments of country progress in achieving domestic and international environmental policy commitments. The reviews are conducted to improve environmental performance, promote peer learning and enhance accountability. They are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data, and provide policy-relevant recommendations. Each review cycle covers all OECD countries and selected partner economies. The most recent reviews include: Spain (2015), Poland (2015), Sweden (2014).
• Description based on print version record.