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Extremophiles are the organisms that have unusual potential of surviving, adapting and thriving in such hostile conditions that were previously thought to be unsuitable or lethal for life, such as waters with extreme pH, geothermal geysers, tar pits, volcanic magma and even the extreme cold of Antarctica. Extremophiles are proving to be gold mines for bioprospecting involving the rush for collecting the biological materials and the bio‐prospectors are chemists, biologists and the corporations. Various classes of extremophiles, their growth conditions, dwelling places and their representative examples are given in this chapter. These include thermophiles, acidophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, and metallophiles. The field of bioprospecting of extremophiles is vast and open for research to explore more biological products of great industrial, agricultural and environmental importance.