Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• McKune, Carolyn M
• Murrell, Joanna C
• Nolan, Andrea M
• White, Kate L
• Wright, Bonnie D
• Lamont, Leigh A
• Greene, Stephen A
• Grimm, Kurt A
• Tranquilli, William J
• Robertson, Sheilah A

Titel

Nociception and Pain

Ist Teil von

• Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2015, p.584-623

Ort / Verlag

Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Erscheinungsjahr

2015

Quelle

Wiley Online Library All Obooks

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• The conscious experience of pain defies precise anatomic, physiologic, and/or pharmacologic definition; furthermore, it can be experienced even in the absence of obvious external noxious stimulation, and it can be modified by behavioral experiences including fear, memory, and stress. Nociception is the neural process of encoding noxious stimuli, the consequences of which may be behavioral ‐ either a simple motor withdrawal reflex or more complex avoidance behaviors ‐ or autonomic. Two main approaches have been adopted when studying pain in animals. The first approach is to study responses to brief noxious stimuli in naive animals. The second approach is to induce pain in the animal by delivery of a tonic, sustained noxious stimulus that induces peripheral or central sensitization and subsequently to study pain mechanisms and test analgesic drugs. Phasic pain tests, analgesic testing, local anesthetics, pharmacologic treatment of pain, pain assays, N‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonists, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are also discussed.