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What appears to characterize late twentieth century modernity—whether Southeast Asian or Western—is the concern with the issue of cultural identity and difference. This historical period marked by a world increasingly integrated into a capitalist economy has not produced rationalistic, future-oriented advanced capitalistic societies as previously supposed.¹ Rather, the outcome has been the process of capitalist expansion and increasing global cultural replication on one hand, and the rise of unique configurations of nationality, ethnicity, tradition, and cultural authenticity on the other. Scholars have been perplexed by dualistic formulations of modernity, sometimes also presented as the simultaneity of the past