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In a review of the role of science in informing the U.S. EPA’s most recent ozone standard, two scholars wrote, “the policy makers who support tighter standards cite the epidemiologists. Those who resist tighter standards cite the toxicologists” (Wilson and Anderson 1997). Presumably, toxicology, which gets information about hazards from laboratory subjects (usually animals) under controlled conditions, and epidemiology, which compares exposure and effect in the real world, should give the same answers. However, a plethora of assumptions accompanies each method, and it is these assumptions that generate different, and even contradictory, conclusions.
Rather than jumping right into the number-crunching