Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Yang, Li‐Na
• Nkurikiyimfura, Oswald
• Pan, Zhe‐Chao
• Wang, Yan‐Ping
• Waheed, Abdul
• Chen, Ruey‐Shyang
• Burdon, Jeremy J.
• Sui, Qi‐Jun
• Zhan, Jiasui

Titel

Plant diversity ameliorates the evolutionary development of fungicide resistance in an agricultural ecosystem

Ist Teil von

• The Journal of applied ecology, 2021-11, Vol.58 (11), p.2566-2578

Ort / Verlag

Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Erscheinungsjahr

2021

Quelle

Wiley-Blackwell subscription journals

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• The evolution of fungicide resistance in agricultural and natural ecosystems is associated with the biology of pathogens, the chemical property and application strategies of the fungicides. The influence of ecological factors such as host diversity on the evolution of fungicide resistance has been largely overlooked but is highly relevant to social and natural sustainability. In this study, we used an experimental evolution approach to understand how host population heterogeneity may affect the evolution of fungicide resistance in the associated pathogens. Potato populations with six levels of genetic heterogeneity were grown in the same field and naturally infected by Phytophthora infestans. Pathogen isolates (~1,200) recovered from the field experiment were molecularly genotyped. Genetically distinct isolates were selected from each population and 142 isolates were assayed for their tolerance to two fungicides differing in the mode of action. Tolerance was determined by calculating the relative growth rate of the isolates in the presence and absence of fungicides and the effective concentration for 50% inhibition. The evolution of fungicide resistance in P. infestans was affected by the genetic variation of host populations. Higher potato diversification increased the sensitivity of P. infestans to both fungicides and reduced genetic variation of the pathogen available for the development of fungicide resistance. These mitigating effects are independent of biochemical properties of fungicides and are likely caused by host selection for pathogen strains differing in the ability of fungicide influxes, effluxes or detoxification rather than mutations in fungicide target genes. Synthesis and applications. The development of fungicide resistance greatly threatens food security and ecological sustainability, and it is urgent need to develop agricultural practices which can ameliorate this problem. Our results show that potato crop with a higher genetic diversity is associated with a late blight pathogen of higher fungicide sensitivity and lower potential of developing fungicide resistance, indicating that agricultural diversification such as through cultivar mixture can reduce the application dose and frequency of fungicides needed to achieve the same level of disease control, which, in turn, further reduce the selection pressure acting on the pathogen populations and the evolutionary risk of developing fungicide resistance in pathogens. Together with benefits documented in other studies, our results indicate that crop diversification is an eco‐friendly approach that not only ameliorate fungicide resistance but also help achieve social and ecological sustainability by balancing the interaction among food security, socio‐economic development and ecological resilience and should be promoted. 中文摘要 背景: 病原菌抗药性的进化能力与病原体的生物学、农药的化学特性和及其使用策略息息相关。目前病原菌抗药性形成的研究多侧重于病原生物学和农药本身化学特性对该形成的影响, 关于寄主多样性等生态因素对病原菌抗药性形成的影响在很大程度上被忽视但与社会和自然则可持续性发展关系密切。在本研究中, 我们使用实验进化手段分析了马铃薯群体遗传多样性对致病疫霉菌抗药性形成的影响。 材料与方法: 我们在同㇐块田种植了6种不同遗传多样性的马铃薯群体, 在生长中期采集约1,200自然感染的马铃薯叶片分离致病疫霉, 采用SSR手段确定其基因型, 然后从来自不同马铃薯多样性的病原群中选择142种致病疫霉基因型, 在平板上检测这些病原菌对两种不同作用模式农药的敏感性。 敏感性通过计算病原菌在农药和非农药状况下的相对生产率及50%有效抑制浓度来获得。 结果与结论: 我们发现致病疫霉对农药的敏感性跟其来源的马铃薯群体的遗传多样性有关, 来自高遗传多样化马铃薯群体的致病疫霉对农药敏感性强、遗传变异低, 该相关性不因农药的化学特性而异。这种现象很可能是由不同多样性的寄主选择不同农药摄入、清除或除毒能力的病原菌, 而不是病原菌农药靶标基因的突变。 综合应用: 病原菌抗药性的形成严重地威胁着粮食安全和生态系统的可持续性, 迫切需要实用技术的改变以解决这个问题。我们的研究发现遗传多样性高的马铃薯群体选择农药敏感性高、农药进化潜力低的网晚病菌群体。这㇐结果表明通过作物寄主群体遗传多样化如品种混作栽培技术在可以减少农药的施用剂量和频率的情况下却又能实现同等水平病害控制水平。因为农药施用剂量和频率减少, 降低了对病原体种群体的选择压力, 又进㇐步降低农药农药抗药性形成的风险。结合前人的研究成果, 我们的研究表明的作物品种多样性种植是㇐种高效、环保的种植模式,它不仅能提高农药的杀菌能力, 而且通过协调粮食安全、社会经济发展和生态恢复力三者之间的平衡关系之间以实现社会和生态可持续性发展, 应予以重视推广。 The development of fungicide resistance greatly threatens food security and ecological sustainability, and it is urgent need to develop agricultural practices which can ameliorate this problem. Our results show that potato crop with a genetic diversity is associated with a late blight pathogen of higher fungicide sensitivity and lower potential of developing fungicide resistance, indicating that agricultural diversification such as through cultivar mixture can reduce the application dose and frequency of fungicides needed to achieve the same level of disease control, which, in turn, further reduce the selection pressure acting on the pathogen populations and the evolutionary risk of developing fungicide resistance in pathogens. Together with benefits documented in other studies, our results indicate that crop diversification is an eco‐friendly approach that not only ameliorate fungicide resistance but also help achieve social and ecological sustainability by balancing the interaction among food security, socio‐economic development and ecological resilience and should be promoted.