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Background
Although xenotransplantation of vascularized organs/cells has not yet reached the clinic, glutaraldehyde‐treated bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV), derived from porcine or bovine tissues, are today used for clinical replacement of diseased heart valves. However, the durability of these valve cusps is limited partly due to the onset of immune responses to the grafts. The xenoantigen‐determinant Galα3Gal‐ and corresponding anti‐Gal antibodies have been postulated to in part contribute to BHV damage. However, the presence of other non‐Gal carbohydrate antigen determinants as well as the immune response to these non‐Gal antigens and the inflammatory response generated by their interaction with the immune system has not been studied. In this study, we have isolated and structurally characterized both non‐acid and acid glycosphingolipids from naïve porcine aortic and pulmonary valve cusps.
Methods
Total non‐acid and acid glycosphingolipids were isolated from porcine aortic and pulmonalis valve cusps of 20 animals. Glycosphingolipid components were structurally characterized by thin‐layer chromatography, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and binding of monoclonal antibodies and lectins.
Results
The non‐acid glycosphingolipids were characterized as globotetraosylceramide, H‐type 2 pentaosylceramide, fucosyl‐gangliotetraosylceramide, and Galα3neolactotetraosylceramide. The acid glycosphingolipid fractions had both sulfatide and gangliosides (GM3, GM2, GM1, fucosyl‐GM1, GD3 and GD1a), and all gangliosides contained N‐acetyl‐neuraminic acid. Significantly, the N‐glycolyl‐neuraminic acid (NeuGc) variant, a major component in many pig organs and to which humans can develop antibodies, was not detected among the gangliosides.
Conclusions
Pig valve cusps contain several complex lipid‐bound carbohydrate structures that may be targets for the human immune system. Notable, the NeuGc determinant was absent in the cusp gangliosides. This work forms a platform for further characterizing the antibody reactivity of patients with porcine‐derived BHV.