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A vast growing problem in orthopaedic medicine is the increase of clinical cases with antibiotic resistant pathogenic microbes, which is predicted to cause higher mortality than all cancers combined by 2050. Bone infectious diseases limit the healing ability of tissues and increase the risk of future injuries due to pathologic tissue remodelling. The traditional treatment for bone infections has several drawbacks and limitations, such as lengthy antibiotic treatment, extensive surgical interventions, and removal of orthopaedic implants and/or prosthesis, all of these resulting in long-term rehabilitation. This is a huge burden to the public health system resulting in increased healthcare costs. Current technologies e.g. co-delivery systems, where antibacterial and osteoinductive agents are delivered encounter challenges such as site-specific delivery, sustained and prolonged release, and biocompatibility. In this review, these aspects are highlighted to promote the invention of the next generation biomaterials to prevent and/or treat bone infections and promote tissue regeneration.
Dual functional biomaterials with the ability of being antimicrobial and simultaneously osteoinductive are highly desirable and can potentially solve grand challenges in various orthopaedic applications. In this review, we highlight recent advances for the next generation of biomaterials preventing/treating bone infections and promoting tissue growth. We discuss some fundamental aspects which hopefully will pave the way for the invention of novel and innovative biomaterials. [Display omitted]