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The purpose of this chapter is to provide a technically accessible overview of geographic representation, geodesy, projections, and georeferencing. All four of these domains function as key building blocks for better understanding the important details associated with calculating distance, direction, and elevation, as well as locating features on the earth’s surface and transforming these features into positions on a flat map (or screen) through the use of projections. More importantly, as digital representations of the earth’s surface continue to grow in popularity and use, it is also important to provide a primer on how these data are conceptualized and handled in an electronic environment.