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This study characterizes the heterotrimeric G protein gene families in
Triticum aestivum
, their tissue-specific expression patterns during development and in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. There are three
Gα
genes, three
Gβ
and 12
Gγ
genes, totaling 18 genes encoding heterotrimeric G proteins in the hexaploid wheat genome. Each haploid genome of the hexaploid
T. aestivum
has a single gene encoding the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex,
GA1
, a single
Gβ
and four
Gγ
genes. Each gene has three homeologous copies in the A, B and D genomes. The physical interaction between the Gβ (Gpb) and two Gγ subunits, Gpg1 and Gpg2, was shown through bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). The gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses showed both up-regulation and down-regulation of members of the gene families.
Gγ2-B
and
Gγ2-D
are significantly upregulated during heat stress,
GA1-D
is upregulated by cold stress and
Gγ1
-A and
Gγ1
-D were upregulated by
Fusarium graminearum
inoculation in a
F. graminearum
resistant cultivar. This suggests that these members may play roles in biotic and abiotic signaling pathways and the roles of these genes within these pathways need further investigation.