Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Wyn-Jones, A. Peter
• Carducci, Annalaura
• Cook, Nigel
• D’Agostino, Martin
• Divizia, Maurizio
• Fleischer, Jens
• Gantzer, Christophe
• Gawler, Andrew
• Girones, Rosina
• Höller, Christiane
• de Roda Husman, Ana Maria
• Kay, David
• Kozyra, Iwona
• López-Pila, Juan
• Muscillo, Michele
• José Nascimento, Maria São
• Papageorgiou, George
• Rutjes, Saskia
• Sellwood, Jane
• Szewzyk, Regine
• Wyer, Mark

Titel

Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

Ist Teil von

• Water research (Oxford), 2011-01, Vol.45 (3), p.1025-1038

Ort / Verlag

Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd

Erscheinungsjahr

2011

Link zum Volltext

Quelle

MEDLINE

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Exposure to human pathogenic viruses in recreational waters has been shown to cause disease outbreaks. In the context of Article 14 of the revised European Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006) a Europe-wide surveillance study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of two human enteric viruses in recreational waters. Adenoviruses were selected based on their near-universal shedding and environmental survival, and noroviruses (NoV) selected as being the most prevalent gastroenteritis agent worldwide. Concentration of marine and freshwater samples was done by adsorption/elution followed by molecular detection by (RT)-PCR. Out of 1410 samples, 553 (39.2%) were positive for one or more of the target viruses. Adenoviruses, detected in 36.4% of samples, were more prevalent than noroviruses (9.4%), with 3.5% GI and 6.2% GII, some samples being positive for both GI and GII. Of 513 human adenovirus-positive samples, 63 (12.3%) were also norovirus-positive, whereas 69 (7.7%) norovirus-positive samples were adenovirus-negative. More freshwater samples than marine water samples were virus-positive. Out of a small selection of samples tested for adenovirus infectivity, approximately one-quarter were positive. Sixty percent of 132 nested-PCR adenovirus-positive samples analysed by quantitative PCR gave a mean value of over 3000 genome copies per L of water. The simultaneous detection of infectious adenovirus and of adenovirus and NoV by (RT)PCR suggests that the presence of infectious viruses in recreational waters may constitute a public health risk upon exposure. These studies support the case for considering adenoviruses as an indicator of bathing water quality.