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Denitrification versus respiratory ammonification: environmental controls of two competing dissimilatory NO3−/NO2− reduction pathways in Shewanella loihica strain PV-4
Ist Teil von
The ISME Journal, 2015-05, Vol.9 (5), p.1093-1104
Ort / Verlag
London: Nature Publishing Group UK
Erscheinungsjahr
2015
Quelle
MEDLINE
Beschreibungen/Notizen
Denitrification and respiratory ammonification are two competing, energy-conserving NO
3
−
/NO
2
−
reduction pathways that have major biogeochemical consequences for N retention, plant growth and climate. Batch and continuous culture experiments using
Shewanella loihica
strain PV-4, a bacterium possessing both the denitrification and respiratory ammonification pathways, revealed factors that determine NO
3
−
/NO
2
−
fate. Denitrification dominated at low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios (that is, electron donor-limiting growth conditions), whereas ammonium was the predominant product at high C/N ratios (that is, electron acceptor-limiting growth conditions). pH and temperature also affected NO
3
−
/NO
2
−
fate, and incubation above pH 7.0 and temperatures of 30 °C favored ammonium formation. Reverse-transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR analyses correlated the phenotypic observations with
nirK
and
nosZ
transcript abundances that decreased up to 1600-fold and 27-fold, respectively, under conditions favoring respiratory ammonification. Of the two
nrfA
genes encoded on the strain PV-4 genome,
nrfA
0844
transcription decreased only when the chemostat reactor received medium with the lowest C/N ratio of 1.5, whereas
nrfA
0505
transcription occurred at low levels (≤3.4 × 10
−2
transcripts per cell) under all growth conditions. At intermediate C/N ratios, denitrification and respiratory ammonification occurred concomitantly, and both
nrfA
0844
(5.5 transcripts per cell) and
nirK
(0.88 transcripts per cell) were transcribed. Recent findings suggest that organisms with both the denitrification and respiratory ammonification pathways are not uncommon in soil and sediment ecosystems, and strain PV-4 offers a tractable experimental system to explore regulation of dissimilatory NO
3
−
/NO
2
−
reduction pathways.