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COMMENTARY Innate immune responses are essential for the host to fight against invading microbes. Innate immune receptors or pattern recog- nition receptors recognize conserved microbial molecules and trigger innate immune res- ponses. Pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors primarily signal through the adaptor MyD88 to activate NF-~B, while other Toll-like receptors signal v/a TRIF to activate IRF-3 resulting in the expression of type I interferons (IFNs).a Type I IFNs play a crucial role in antiviral immune responses but are also important for the host response against bac- terial infection.2 Paradoxically.