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Tau pathology is now considered to be the main cause of a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, which are collectively referred to as tauopathies. These include primary tauopathies, in which tau plays the main role in the pathogenesis as well as secondary tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease, in which amyloid beta also plays a substantial role in the disease process in addition to the tau pathology. Primary tauopathies include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Pick's disease and rare hereditary tauopathies, which are referred to as frontotemporal lobar degeneration with microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) mutation. Tauopathies differ from each other pathologically by the affected brain regions and cell types as well as by the biochemical characteristics of the aggregated tau protein. Various tau-centered neuroprotective treatment approaches are currently in preclinical and clinical development. They target different mechanisms, including the reduction of tau expression, inhibition of tau aggregation, dissolution of tau aggregates, improvement of cellular mechanisms to eliminate toxic tau species, stabilization of microtubules and prevention of intercellular tau spreading. This review article gives an overview of tauopathies and the current concepts for the development of disease-modifying treatment.