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Objective The explore the effects of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)on vascularization and osteogenesis of tissue-engineered bones in Beagle dogs.Methods Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and EPCs from bone marrow of Beagle dogs were isolated,cultured,and expanded and then seeded in β-tricalcium phosphate(TCP)scaffolds. The cell scaffold complexes(EPCs/ BMSCs/TCP group and BMSCs/TCP group)and the blank TCP scaffold were transplanted into the limb muscles of Beagle dogs,respectively. The relative CT values were calculated in the 3rd and 6th month through CT scan after operation. The vascularization and the osteogenesis were detected 6 months after operation by histological examination.Results Three months after the surgery,the relative CT value in the EPCs/BMSCs/TCP group was(366.67±19.51)HU,significantly higher than that[(163.00±30.81)HU] in the BMSCs/TCP group(t=2.10,P=0.0006);6 months after surgery,the relative CT value in the EPCs/BMSCs/TCP group was(553.34±26.86)HU,which was also significantly h