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A systematic review of international simulation models on the natural history of breast cancer: current understanding and challenges for Chinese-population-specific model development
To systematically review the worldwide simulation model studies on the natural history of breast cancer and to summarize related parameters.
A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify articles during 1980-2015. Articles were screened independently by two researchers. Health states in the natural history and relevant parameters were extracted.
A total of 36 studies were included for analysis, within the earliest one was published in 1990. Most studies were from Europe and America countries, and 2 studies from China. Markov model was mostly applied to evaluating breast cancer screening programs (
=32). Reported health status included "healthy" (
=36), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS,
=17), invasive breast cancer (IBC,
=36), and death (
=27). There were two definite classifications for IBC, tumor size (
=9) and TNM staging (
=9, 3 studies reported transition rates). The median (range) of annual transition rates from DCIS to stage-Ⅰ IBC, Ⅰ to Ⅱ, Ⅱ to Ⅲ, Ⅲ to Ⅳ were