Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Hallett, Mark
• Evinger, Craig
• Jankovic, Joseph
• Stacy, Mark

Titel

Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop

Ist Teil von

• Neurology, 2008-10, Vol.71 (16), p.1275-1282

Ort / Verlag

United States

Erscheinungsjahr

2008

Quelle

MEDLINE

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• This review updates understanding and research on blepharospasm, a subtype of focal dystonia. Topics covered include clinical aspects, pathology, pathophysiology, animal models, dry eye, photophobia, epidemiology, genetics, and treatment. Blepharospasm should be differentiated from apraxia of eyelid opening. New insights into pathology and pathophysiology are derived from different types of imaging, including magnetic resonance studies. Physiologic studies indicate increased plasticity and trigeminal sensitization. While botulinum neurotoxin injections are the mainstay of therapy, other therapies are on the horizon.