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The viral polypeptide isolated with the poliovirus replication complex appears to be an essential component of the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This viral polypeptide is synthesized early in the infectious cycle, is directly proportional to viral RNA synthesis throughout most of the replicative cycle, and is functionally stable. However, the level of functioning polymerase molecules within the infected cell represents only a small fraction of the potential polymerase polypeptides synthesized during poliovirus replication. This disparity indicates that this viral polypeptide, while necessary, is not sufficient for viral RNA synthesis. We suggest that an additional factor must restrict the level of functioning viral polymerases within the infected cell.