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High Frequency of Facial Expressions Corresponding to Confusion, Concentration, and Worry in an Analysis of Naturally Occurring Facial Expressions of Americans
College students were instructed to observe symmetric and asymmetric
facial expressions and to report the target's judgment of the
"emotion" she or he was expressing, the facial movements
involved, and the more expressive side. For both asymmetric and
symmetric expressions, some of the most common emotions or states
reported are neither included in standard taxonomies of emotion nor studied
as important signals. Confusion is the most common descriptor reported
for asymmetric expressions and is commonly reported for symmetrical
expressions as well. Other frequent descriptors were
think-concentrate and worry. Confusion is characterized
principally by facial movements around the eyes and has many properties
usually attributed to emotions. There was no evidence for
lateralization of positive versus negative valenced states.