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Presents the complex history of China's rise as a modern state. While much of the turbulence in the period between 1956 to 1976 is attributed directly to Mao, some new approaches to modern Chinese history suggest that with or without Mao himself, this period was ripe for catastrophic instability. A high degree of turbulence is hereby suggested to have been inherent in the method by which the People's Republic was established. Chinese society, after late emergence from the dynasty age, is here described as having been loaded with all the necessary preconditions for authoritarian rule. These preconditions, & the way in which they were seized upon in the early days of the Communist Party, are explored in this article. Adapted from the source document.