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An extensive historical survey discussing 'how men's minds were directed to the study of the material world, how this led to the invention of tools, & the development of agriculture & primitive medicine' in 83 Chpt's, with a Preface & a Prefatory note to the First Ed by the author. The Chpt's relevant to sociol include: (1) Why Science Exists-which defines sci as the 'system of behavior by which man acquires mastery of his environment.' Exp'ing with tools is claimed to be the cause of the 'biological change from an animal into a man.' Chpt's (2)-(10) examine elemental sci & tools, ranging from fire to irrigation. Chpt's (11)-(24) review the development of Greek sci & its place in the society. (25) The Influence of Roman Social Conceptions on Science. (29) Reflection of Roman Conditions in Roman Science. Chpt's (31)-(35) deal with sci & Muslim society. (36) The Shape of Western Civilization Is Forged-argues that the 'soc forces that have created modern sci were released by the changes which occurred in Western European society when it became isolated, & was forced to develop its own potentialities. (39) Manual Labor Acquires New Repute and Mechanics Advance. (40) The Pursuit of Gain Impels Social and Technical Development-speculates on the sci'fic effects of the emergence of the bourgeoisie. (42) The Church Tries to Assimilate Science. (47) The Origin of Modern Science-argues that the 'bourgeoisie created the conditions in which modern sci, which consists of a balanced combination of experiment & theory, could come into existence.' (57) Science and Freedom-explores the relationship between sci & pol in the case of Galileo. (64) The New Slave-reviews the development of engineering, chemistry & physics. (65) Lunacy-discusses the Lunar Society & finds that the concentration of the leading nonconformists, industr'ists, & sci'ts in the same centers to be the manifestation of 'one organic soc movement, whose progressive energy was drawn from the growing industr'ism of the 18th cent.' (68) The Working Conditions in Which Discoveries Are Made-elaborates a 4-part typology: 'the exercise of a craft, teaching, pursuit of intellectual amusement, & professional res.' (70) Research in Universitiesillustrates the growth of sci'fic teaching & res by recalling features of the development at Cambridge in England. (71) Research as an Independent Social Activity-examines the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft for the Promotion of Sci as an example of the recent emancipation of res. (72) The Social Background of German Science-discusses the 'uneasy combination of feudalistic modes of thought with modern sci'fic ideas which exists in German civilization, & how, after tremendous achievements, it is liable to sudden breakdown.' (73) Personal Motives for Research-examines 5 sorts of motive: curiosity, desire for reputation, need to earn a living, desire to enjoy oneself, & desire to serve humanity. (74) External Motives of Research: The ExpansionofBusiness-reviews the ideas of F. B. Jewett, the president of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, on the reasons why industr firms are creating res laboratories. (75) External Motives of Research: National Safety. (76) The Finance of Research. (77) Planned Research-examines the experience of the USSR, which was the first country 'to give comprehensive expression to the tendency to organize res which is seen in all countries.' (78) American Foresight-discusses the benefits & drawbacks of private enterprise, suggesting some remedies for the latter. (79) Science Thwarted-explores soc influences & traditions which have impeded the progress of sci & technology. (80) Science, Art, and Discontinuity-reviews T. E. Hulme's & N. Bohr's ideas on discontinuity, using the lives of the 2 men as paradigms of the effects of their concepts. (81) The New Interest in the Social Relations of Science-traces the development of this interest from its inception in the Royal Society through 1939. (82) Science and the Press-speaks of the need for explaining the developments in sci & technology to the laity. (83) The Social Responsibilities of Scientists-attempts to draw up a list of sci'st's obligations. A joint name & subject Index. M. Duke.