Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Cano‐Martínez, Agustina
• Rubio‐Ruiz, María Esther
• Guarner‐Lans, Verónica

Titel

Homeostasis and evolution in relation to regeneration and repair

Ist Teil von

• The Journal of physiology, 2024-06, Vol.602 (11), p.2627-2648

Ort / Verlag

England: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc

Erscheinungsjahr

2024

Quelle

MEDLINE

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Homeostasis constitutes a key concept in physiology and refers to self‐regulating processes that maintain internal stability when adjusting to changing external conditions. It diminishes internal entropy constituting a driving force behind evolution. Natural selection might act on homeostatic regulatory mechanisms and control mechanisms including homeodynamics, allostasis, hormesis and homeorhesis, where different stable stationary states are reached. Regeneration is under homeostatic control through hormesis. Damage to tissues initiates a response to restore the impaired equilibrium caused by mild stress using cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell death to recover structure and function. Repair is a homeorhetic change leading to a new stable stationary state with decreased functionality and fibrotic scarring without reconstruction of the 3‐D pattern. Mechanisms determining entrance of the tissue or organ to regeneration or repair include the balance between innate and adaptive immune cells in relation to cell plasticity and stromal stem cell responses, and redox balance. The regenerative and reparative capacities vary in different species, distinct tissues and organs, and at different stages of development including ageing. Many cell signals and pathways play crucial roles determining regeneration or repair by regulating protein synthesis, cellular growth, inflammation, proliferation, autophagy, lysosomal function, metabolism and metalloproteinase cell signalling. Attempts to favour the entrance of damaged tissues to regeneration in those with low proliferative rates have been made; however, there are evolutionary constraint mechanisms leading to poor proliferation of stem cells in unfavourable environments or tumour development. More research is required to better understand the regulatory processes of these mechanisms. figure legend Natural selection might act on homeostatic regulatory mechanisms and on other control mechanisms including homeorhesis where different stable stationary states are reached. Regeneration is under homeostatic control and damage to tissues initiates a response to restore the equilibrium, whereas repair is a homeorhetic change leading to a new stable stationary state with a decreased functionality. Entrance of tissues or organs into regeneration or repair depends on external changing environmental conditions and signalling pathways for which regulation has evolved in different species. Regenerative and repair capacities vary among different species and in different tissues and organs. They also vary at distinct stages of differentiation and development and ageing, reaching different stable stationary states, as part of adaptive processes installed during thousands of years of evolution.