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Machine learning-driven prediction of phosphorus removal performance of metal-modified biochar and optimization of preparation processes considering water quality management objectives
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•GBR are the best model to predict metal-modified biochar’s adsorption performance.•LoadC, WV, and pH are the key features that affect adsorption performance.•Experimental validation results are in good agreement with model prediction.•Mg or La-based biochar is suitable for high or low-concentration phosphate wastewater.
Developing an optimized and targeted design approach for metal-modified biochar based on water quality conditions and management is achievable through machine learning. This study leveraged machine learning to analyze experimental data on phosphate adsorption by metal-modified biochar from literature published in Web of Science. Using six machine learning models, the phosphate adsorption capacity of biochar and residual phosphate concentration were predicted. After hyperparameter optimization, the gradient boosting model exhibited superior training performance (R2 > 0.96). Metal load quantity, solid–liquid ratio, and pH were key factors influencing adsorption performance. Optimal preparation parameters indicated that Mg-modified biochar achieved the highest adsorption capacity (387–396 mg/g), while La-modified biochar displayed the lowest residual phosphate concentration (0 mg/L). The results of verification experiments based on optimized process parameters closely aligned with model predictions. This study introduces a new machine learning–based approach for tailoring biochar preparation processes considering different water quality management objectives.