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Plants have a variety of regulatory mechanisms to perceive, transduce, and respond to biotic and abiotic stress. One such mechanism is the calcium-sensing CBL–CIPK system responsible for the sensing of specific stressors, such as drought or pathogens. CBLs perceive and bind Calcium (Ca
2+
) in response to stress and then interact with CIPKs to form an activated complex. This leads to the phosphorylation of downstream targets, including transporters and ion channels, and modulates transcription factor levels and the consequent levels of stress-associated genes. This review describes the mechanisms underlying the response of the CBL–CIPK pathway to biotic and abiotic stresses, including regulating ion transport channels, coordinating plant hormone signal transduction, and pathways related to ROS signaling. Investigation of the function of the CBL–CIPK pathway is important for understanding plant stress tolerance and provides a promising avenue for molecular breeding.
Key message
The present review focuses primarily on the vital role played by CBL–CIPK signaling in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as its function in plant development and growth. The complexity of the CBL–CIPK signaling axis underlines its significance in plant adaptation and survival, emphasizing the need for further exploration of this intricate signaling network system. Continued exploration of the CBL–CIPK model is likely to unveil fresh insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie plant growth and stress responses. Additionally, it could lead to the formulation of novel strategies for crop improvement and environmental sustainability. Given the progress in transgenic technology and molecular breeding approaches, a comprehensive examination of all CBL and CIPK genes is expected to demonstrate that the CBL–CIPK axis is exceedingly advantageous for plant resistance breeding. The CBL–CIPK axis provides a framework for understanding calcium-mediated signaling in plants especially under challenging environmental conditions.