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Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
Ist Teil von
Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.), 2024-06, Vol.26 (3), p.500-510
Ort / Verlag
New York: Springer US
Erscheinungsjahr
2024
Quelle
Alma/SFX Local Collection
Beschreibungen/Notizen
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), known as pufferfish toxin, is a potent neurotoxin blocking sodium channels in muscle and nerve tissues. TTX has been detected in various taxa other than pufferfish, including marine polyclad flatworms, suggesting that pufferfish toxin accumulates in fish bodies via food webs. The composition of TTX and its analogs in the flatworm
Planocera multitentaculata
was identical to those in wild grass puffer
Takifugu alboplumbeus
. Previously,
Planocera
sp. from Okinawa Island, Japan, were reported to possess high level of TTX, but no information was available on TTX analogs in this species. Here we identified TTX and analogs in the planocerid flatworm using high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and compared the composition of TTX and analogs with those of another toxic and non-toxic planocerid species. We show that the composition of TTX and several analogs, such as 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, dideoxyTTXs, deoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(
S
)-ol, of
Planocera
sp. was identical to those of toxic species, but not to its non-toxic counterpart. The difference in the toxin composition was reflected in the phylogenetic relationship based on the mitochondrial genome sequence. A toxification experiment using predatory fish and egg plates of
P. multitentaculata
demonstrated that the composition of TTX and analogs in wild
T. alboplumbeus
juveniles was reproduced in artificially toxified pufferfish. Additionally, feeding on the flatworm egg plates enhanced the signal intensities of all TTX compounds in
Chelonodon patoca
and that of deoxyTTXs in
Yongeichthys criniger
.