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This functional magnetic resonance imaging study delves into the impact of experience and pitcher handedness on the pitch‐calling behavior of baseball umpires. Expert and intermediate umpires were asked to make ball/strike calls on videotaped pitches of left‐ and right‐handed pitchers and rate their certainty for the call while undergoing scanning. Behavioral results replicated previous findings that expert umpires were more certain but not more accurate or quicker than intermediate umpires, suggesting that, as sports officials, umpires may learn to project confidence to maintain control of the game. At the neural level, expert umpires exhibited more extensive and pronounced activations within the action observation network, dorsal striatum, and cerebellum. These heightened neural responses were probably associated with their enhanced visual processing abilities for pitching action and ball trajectory, honed over years of officiating. Notably, both expert and intermediate umpires exhibited decreased accuracy when judging pitches from left‐handed pitchers compared to right‐handed ones. These challenges in accuracy corresponded with weaker neural activations in the aforementioned brain regions, implying difficulties in processing specific visual details of the rarely encountered left‐handed pitchers. Moreover, slightly longer reaction times and reduced uncertainty were observed particularly for left‐handed ball pitches, as revealed by lower activation in the right premotor cortex, highlighting issues with predictive processing. In summary, our findings shed light on the influence of pitcher handedness on the pitch‐calling behavior of baseball umpires and extend the current understanding of the perceptual and decision‐making behavior of sports officials.
Through our investigation of the perceptual and decision‐making processes of baseball umpires using fMRI, this study has made contributions to the existing research primarily focused on players. The poorer pitch‐calling behavior for left‐ compared to right‐handed pitches across experienced and intermediate umpires was associated with weaker brain activations within the action observation network and cerebellum, implying difficulties in processing specific visual details of the rarely encountered left‐handed pitchers.