Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Juliana Ribeiro Dolenga, Carla
• dos Anjos, Alan
• José Arruda, Eduardo
• Beltrão Molento, Marcelo

Titel

Copper chloride and copper sulphate in combination with nitroxynil against gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants: A possible hitchhiking synergic effect at low concentrations

Ist Teil von

• International journal for parasitology, 2023-03, Vol.53 (3), p.177-183

Ort / Verlag

England: Elsevier Ltd

Erscheinungsjahr

2023

Link zum Volltext

Quelle

MEDLINE

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• [Display omitted] •A concentration-dependent curve was determined using in vitro assays.•Copper chloride, copper sulfate, and nitroxynil were effective against nematodes.•A synergic effect was observed against Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp.•Copper chloride had a better effect, even in combination, against nematode parasites. Infections caused by Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. are major health problems for sheep and cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of copper chloride (CuCl2), and copper sulphate (CuSO4) at 2.0, 7.0, 30.0, 125.0, 500.0, and 2000.0 µM formulations, and nitroxynil 34% (NTX) at 0.235 mM against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of ruminants. Hence, the in vitro egg hatch test (EHT), the larval development test (LDT), and the larval migration inhibition test (LMIT) were used. Haemonchus spp. (52%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (38%) were the most frequently found parasites. The data fitted a concentration-dependent shape with the highest efficacies of CuCl2 and CuSO4 at 95.2 and 97.3% for parasites collected from sheep, and 95.8 and 93.4% from cattle, respectively. The combination of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CuCl2 and CuSO4 and the IC10 of NTX showed up to a 52% increase in efficacy above the expected additive results, demonstrating a synergic/drug enhancer interaction. NTX may retain Cu-II ions by complexation, in a hitchhiking mechanism carrying the salts across the parasite cell wall, causing oxidative stress as a consequence of free radical production and cell damage. Synergy data between NTX and CuCl2, and CuSO4 represent a viable opportunity to develop new formulations for combating parasites of ruminants (i.e., Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus spp., and Oesophagostomum spp.).